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Translate the text.

Читайте также:
  1. a) Read the dialogue and translate it into Ukrainian.
  2. A) We shall have translated the article by 9 o’clock.
  3. B. Complete these sentences by using a term from the text.
  4. Comment on the following lines from the text. Explain the underlined words.
  5. Ex 3. Translate into English.
  6. Ex. 3. Translate into English using the Complex Object.
  7. Ex. 37. Translate into English.
  8. Ex.4p15-16 Translate into English
  9. Exercise 1. Vocabulary to the text.
  10. Exercise 13. Translate into English.

Kapitsa was born in the city of Kronstadt and graduated from the Petrograd Polytechnical Institute in 1918. He worked for over ten years with Ernest Rutherford in the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge. He was made a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1929 and was the first director (1930–34) of the Mond Laboratory in Cambridge. In the 1920s he originated techniques for creating ultrastrong magnetic fields by injecting high current for brief periods into specially constructed air-core electromagnets. In 1928 he discovered the linear dependence of resistivity on magnetic field for various metals in very strong magnetic fields.

In the 1930s he started doing low temperature research, beginning with a critical analysis of the existing methods for obtaining low temperatures. In 1934 he developed new and original apparatus (based on the adiabatic principle) for making significant quantities of liquid helium.

Kapitsa formed the Institute for Physical Problems, which he did with equipment which the Soviet government bought from the Mond Laboratory in Cambridge. In Russia, Kapitsa began a series of experiments to study liquid helium, leading to the discovery in 1937 of its superfluidity. In 1939 he developed a new method for liquefaction of air with a low-pressure cycle using a special high-efficiency expansion turbine. Consequently, during World War II he was assigned to head the Department of Oxygen Industry attached to the USSR Council of Ministers, where he developed his low-pressure expansion techniques for industrial purposes. He invented high power microwave generators (1950–1955) and discovered a new kind of continuous high pressure plasma discharge with electron temperatures over 1,000,000K.

Immediately after the war, a group of prominent Soviet scientists (including Kapitsa in particular) lobbied the government to create a new technical university, the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology. Kapitsa taught there for many years. From 1957, he was also a member of the presidium of the Soviet Academy of Sciences and at his death in 1984 was the only presidium member who was not also a member of the Communist Party.

In 1978, Kapitsa won the Nobel Prize in Physics for the work in low temperature physics that he did about 1937. He shared this prize with Arno Allan Penzias and Robert Woodrow Wilson (who won for work unrelated to Kapitsa's).

Give the summary of the text using the words below: to be made a Fellow of the Royal Society; to originate; to discover the linear dependence; to start doing low temperature research; to develop new and original apparatus; to develop a new method for liquefaction of air; to be assigned to; to discover a new kind of continuous high pressure plasma discharge; to win the Nobel Prize in Physics; to share the prize with.

 




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