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Many consider Notre Dame at Paris to be the final and most accomplished masterpiece of Early Gothic architecture. To be sure, the formal and, in particular, technical aspects of the structure of Notre - Dame occasionally surpass the harmonius order of Laon. The plan of Paris is certainly more ambitious, as patently indicated by the double side aisles and double ambulatory.Notre - Dame's four-story elevation, modified beginning in 1225, lacks a triforium: in its place are rose-shaped oculi (roundels) that project light to the roof.Originally, the clerestory windows were no larger than those at Noyon and Laon, but they afforded less light, as the church was appreciably taller (about 116 feet to the vault imposts) The very large and well-lighted gallery opens to the central nave through triple-arched openings. The ground level is punctuated with single rows of simple cylindrical piers. In spatial terms, the subdivision of bays-of the spatial cells - is now more complex by virtue of the increased number of bays in the side aisles. The principal shortcoming of the Notre - Dame plan is the fact that there is inadequate light in the middle and lower sections. Quite simply, the farther a surface is from the light source, the less light it receives.
As far as we can determine, the structural operations at Notre - Dame were the object of great interest. The cathedral was built according to the " thin - wall" principle; the shallowness of the window recesse and of the gallery arcade make this thinness noticeable at every level. Although the vaulted gallery could prop up the building at mid - elevation, the springings of the gallery vaults could not be braced by exterior piers above the supports separating the two ambulatories or the two side aisles. Thus, wall piers under the roof framework were needed. Given the height of the edifice, this method was deemed insufficient, and the builders turned to flying butresses as a final solution. During restoration, Viollet-le-Duc proposed a series of statements and hypotheses that have since become generally accepted: there were no flying buttresses in the choir (completed before 1182), but they did exist in the nave area (1180-1200). Moreover, these were quite sophisticated, with intermediate abutments built above the piers of the first side aisle, and outer abutments above the piers of the second side aisle, while a lower second row linked the exterior wall of the gallery to the outer abutment. Since, beginning in 1230, these were entirely reconstructed and altered, nothing can be proposed with any real certainty. Yet, there are old (albeit redecorated) abutments surrounding the apse: these could only have been supports for flying buttresses.
In addition, there is another area where the master of Notre-Dame displayed his genius at technical creation: the diagonally arched bayes of the ambulatory vaulting are replaced by an arrangement of triangular sections that divide the space in a regular manner.
Notre-Dame was the model for a great many structures of lesser dimensions and importance in the diocese of Paris and its vicinity during the last third of the twelfth century.
1. Answer the following questions:
1. What style does Notre Dame de Paris belong to?
2. How many storeys does Notre Dame de Paris have?
3. When did it begin to be built?
4. What is the principal shortcoming of Notre Dame de Paris?
5. According to what principle was this building built?
6. What changes did Viollet -le- Duc propose?
7. What is another area of master's genius in Notre Dam de Paris?
2. Give the Russian equivalents to the following words and word combinations:
double side aisles; ambulatory; triforium; roundels; clerestory windows; cylindrical piers; bay; shallowness; vaulted gallery; butresse; abutment; apse; triangular sections.
3. Give the description of Notre Dame de Paris.
4. Find in the text sentences with Passive Voice and translate them.
5. Give the English equivalents to the following Russian words and word combinations:
ордeр, амбициозный, свод, арочный контрфорс, внешняя стена, апсида, треугольные секции.
6. Divide the text into logical Parts.
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