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Human wants (1) in the broadest sense cover many areas. Many desires are of purely emotional nature. Courage, love, and wisdom are examples of wants for immaterial objects. The young man who wants a date (2) with the girl has a non-economic problem. He will have an economic problem if he lacks the money to take her to the movies.
Some people honestly believe that they will be happy and want no more as soon as they buy a new automobile. But the new automobile creates a want for seat covers (3) and more petrol. It is fun to travel in a new car, so the car owner next wants a boat, a fishing rod, etc. With all this equipment he catches some fish and wants a deep freeze (4) to store a surplus (5).
An economic system tries to satisfy human wants. Economists study these wants for goods and services and find the best approach for satisfying them. In other words, satisfaction of human wants is the objective of all economic efforts. This statement is quite ambiguous (6). How does one measure satisfaction? Will a thousand television sets contribute more to the satisfaction of humanity than a hundred automobiles? Does more production always mean better satisfaction? Satisfaction is too complicated to be measured (7) by any numerical yardstick (8)!
What satisfies people depends at any moment on the economic objectives of the society. When we approve (9) the expenditures to build a new school, we give the school board (10) the necessary funds. The school board will bid for (11) steel and wood and cement over others. We have decided that this new school will do more to satisfy wants at this time than would other possible use of these goods (12).
The objectives of economic efforts undergo constant change. During a war the patriotic grandmother who works on the assembly line helps to achieve the goal of maximum output. In a peace-time economy it may be more desirable for a grandmother to leave her job and take care of her grandchildren. Her active participation on the production line is no longer desired.
It is necessary to say that society as a whole has never enough resources to satisfy all the wants of all the people. Therefore, we must economize and carefully allocate (13) resources to the most urgent needs. To economize means to avoid waste, to obtain the best possible results from one’s efforts.
Economists discover the most efficient methods for overcoming the ever-present scarcity (14) of goods and services. These methods try to channel resources in such a manner that the right products will be available at the right time in the right place for the greatest satisfaction of the people.
Пояснения к тексту:
1.
wants = desires – желания
2.
a date – свидание
3.
seat covers - чехлы для сидений
4.
a deep freeze - морозильная камера
5.
a surplus - излишек
6.
ambiguous - двусмысленный
7.
too complicated to be measured – слишком сложное понятие, чтобы его можно было измерить
8.
yardstick – мерило, критерий
9.
to approve – одобрять
10.
school board – школьная администрация
11.
to bid for - назначать более высокую цену на аукционе на …
12.
than would other possible use of these goods – чем если бы эти материалы
использовались для других целей
13.
to allocate – распределять
14.
scarcity - недостаточное количество
VII. Ответьте на вопросы:
1.
What is the objective of all economic efforts?
2.
Does the society have enough resources to satisfy all the wants of the people?
3.
What do economists do?
IV вариант
I. Перепишите следующие предложения; определите по грамматическим
признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные
окончанием-s, и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит
ли оно:
а) показателем 3-его лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;
б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;
в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1.
The economic situation in the country changes from year to year.
2.
Satisfaction of human wants is the objective of all economic efforts.
3.
People's living standards depend on the productivity of their efforts.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая
внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык определений,
выраженных именем существительным.
1.
How much is the Moscow train ticket?
2.
He wants to find a suitable full-time job.
3.
The RF Labor and Social Development Ministry deals with lots of important problems.
RF – Russian Federation
III. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы
сравнения прилагательных и переведите предложения на русский язык.
1.
A firm's profit will disappear entirely as more aggressive competitors produce better products.
2.
The new method is twice as economical as the old one.
3.
Production methods must create more goods for more people with the least possible waste, particularly of human resources.
IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык,
обращая внимание на перевод неопределенных и отрицательных
местоимений.
1.
There are some new advertisements in the local newspaper.
2.
Profit is the first goal of any private business.
3.
Some firms are proud of their growth.
V. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них видо-
временные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив; переведите
предложения на русский язык.
Запишите предложения в вопросительной и отрицательной формах.
1.
Adam Smith described the market economy of his time.
2.
The age of the population has economic significance.
3.
Prices for vegetables will go down in summer months.
VI. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
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