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Coordination theory of Werner. Structure of coordination compounds: complex-former, ligands, external and internal sphere of CC, coordination number.

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It was only in 1893, that Werner presented a theory known as Werner's coordination theory which could explain all the observed properties of complex compounds. Important postulates of this theory are:

 

Most elements exhibit two types of valencies:

(a) Primary valency

This corresponds to the oxidation state of the metal ion. This is also called principal, ionisable or ionic valency. It is satisfied by negativeous and its attachment with the central metal ion is shown by lines.

(b) Secondary valency

It is also termed as coordination number of the central metal ion. It is non-ionic or non-ionasable. This is satisfied by either negative ions or neutral molecules. The ligands, which satisfy the coordination number are directly to the metal atom or ion and are shown by thick lines.

Every element tends to satisfy both its primary and secondary valences. In order to meet this requirement a negative ion may often show a dual behavior.

 

Coordination complex

Although our primary focus in this unit is on bonding, the topic of coordination complexes is so important in chemistry and biochemistry that some of their basic features are worth knowing about, even if their detailed chemistry is beyond the scope of this course. These complexes play an especially crucial role in physiology and biochemistry. Thus heme, the oxygen-carrying component of red blood cells (and the source of the red color) is basically a complex of iron, and the part of chlorophyll that converts sunlight into chemical energy within green plants is a magnesium complex.

 

Internal sphere

Ligand

K[Ag(CN2)]

Coordination

Number or ligand

external

sphere amins neutral molecule

O H2Oᴼ-aqua

CN-cyanO NH3-ammine

complex former Cl-chlorO CO-carbonyl

Br-bromO

SO42-sulphatO

NO3-nitratO

NO2-nitritO

CO32-carbonatO




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