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1. General considerations. In order to get a more or less idea of the word stock of any language, it must be presented as a system, the elements of which are interconnected, interrelated and yet independent. The word stock of a language may be represented as a definite system in which different aspects of words may be singled out as interdependent. A special branch of linguistic science-lexicology - has done much to classify vocabulary. For our purpose, i. e. for linguistic stylistics, a special type of classification, stylistic classification is the most important.
Anaccordance with the division of language into literary and colloquial, we may represent the whole of the word stock of the English language as being divided into three main layers: the literary layer, the neutral layer and the colloquial layer. The literary and the colloquial layers contain a number of subgroups each of which has a property it shares with all the subgroups within the layer. This common property, which unites the different groups of words within the layer may be called its aspect. The aspect of the literary layer is its markedly bookish character. It is this that makes the layer more or less stable. The aspect of the colloquial layer of words is its lively spoken character. It is this that makes it unstable, fleeting.
The aspect of the neutral layer is its universal character. That means it is unrestricted in its use. It can be employed in all styles of language and in all spheres of human activity. The literary layer of words consists of groups accepted as legitimate members of the English vocabulary. They have no local or dialectal character. The colloquial layer of words as qualified in most English or American dictionaries is not infrequently limited to a definite language community or confine to a special locality where it circulates. The literary vocabulary consists of the following groups of words: 1) common literary; 2) terms and learned words; 3) poetic words; 4) archaic words; 5) barbarisms & foreign words; 6) literary coinages including nonce words.
The colloquial vocabulary falls into the following groups: 1) common colloquial words; 2) slang; 3) jargonisms; 4) professional words; 5) dialectal words; 6) vulgar words; 7) colloquial coinages.
The common literary, neutral and common colloquial words are grouped under the term standard English vocabulary.
Proverbs and sayings.
They are brief statements which show in condensed form the accumulated life experience of the community and serving as symbols for abstract ideas. They are facts of language collected in dictionaries. There are some features typical for proverbs and sayings: rhythm, rhyme and /or alliteration/ assonance. ▲ Wealth is nothing without health. In this proverb the effect of euphony is achieved through assonance and alliteration, which create rhyme and rhythm. ▲ It is enough to make a cat laugh. No pains, no gains. Proverbs and sayings will never lose their freshness and vigour because they are revived in their modifications which will be commented later on.
Epigrams, paradox, allusion.
An epigram is a stylistic device akin to a proverb, the only difference between them is that epigram is created by people whose names are well known. They have a bookish air about them which differs them from proverbs. They can be fixed in dictionaries. ▲ Better to reign in hell than serve in heaven. (J. Milton) A paradox is a statement which is contrary to generally accepted opinion, but which expresses some kind of truth. ▲ Men marry because they are tired, women – because they are curious. Both are disappointed. An allusion is an indirect reference, by word or phrase, to a historical, literary, mythological, biblical fact or to a fact of everyday life made in the course of speaking or writing. ▲ It’s no use pretending that we are Romeo and Juliet. In this sentence reference to “R and J” achieved by the repetition of names.
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