TYPES OF TRANSLATION. On the basis of the translator's practice and notional sphere system analysis there has been established the common typology of translations which has

2) Translations defined according to the general characteristics of the subject of the translator's activity and attitude to the author of the translated text:

traditional (human, manual) translation– translation, performed by a man:

· translation performed by a translator who is not the author of the translated text;

· the author's translation (the translation performed by the author of the source text);

· authorized translation (the translation of the source text, approbated by the author);

· autonomous translation – translation performed by a computer;

· mixed translation – translation performed with substantial computer text processing.

3) Translations distinguished according to the type of the translator's segmentation and units of translation:

· morphemic translation – translation performed on the level of separate morphemes irrespective of structural ties;

· verbal (word-for-word) translation – translation performed on the level of words irrespective of semantic, syntactic and stylistic ties between words;

· phrasal translation – translation performed on the level of separate sentences or phrases, translated one by one;

· passage-phrasal translation – translation performed on the level of separate sentences or passages, translated one by one;

· whole textual translation– translation performed on the level of the whole text without the limitation into more primitive units of translation.

4) Translations distinguished according to the form of the source and target text presentation:

· written translation – translation performed in the written form:

written translation of a written text;

written translation of an oral text;

· oral translation – translation performed in the oral form:

o oral translation of an oral text:

o simultaneous translation (oral translation produced almost simultaneously with the source text pronunciation);

o consecutive translation (oral translation performed after the perception of a particular unit of a text, in between these units);

o unilateral translation (consecutive oral translation performed in one direction only, i.e. from the given language into any other language);

o bilateral translation (consecutive oral conversation translation performed from one language into another and vice versa);

oral translation of a written text (an orally performed translation of a written text).

5) Translations distinguished according to the peculiarities and the type of the target text correspondence to the source text:

free translation (type of translation which reproduces the main information in the source text with some possible deviations in the target text, i.e. additions, omissions, transpositions; it's performed on the text level irrespective of the language units equivalence categories:

interpretation (type of translation, based on the extra-linguistic reality orientation unlike the translation proper performed according to the regular correspondences between the source and the target language system expressive means;

adequate translation (type of translation performed in correspondence with the source text peculiarities and fully communicatively relevant);

exact (faithful) translation (type of translation characterized by the property of semantic exactness, i.e. semantically fully and faithfully rendering the source text content);

authentic translation (official papers translation judicially recognized; according to the international law a text of an agreement may be developed and established in one language, but it's authenticity is to be recognized in two and more languages);