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1 Origin of literary English. English literature is the literature written in the English language, including literature composed in English by writers not necessarily from England; for example, Robert Burns was Scottish, James Joyce was Irish, Joseph Conrad was Polish, Dylan Thomas was Welsh, Thomas Pynchon is American,V.S. Naipaul was born in Trinidad, and Vladimir Nabokov was Russian, but all are considered important writers in the history of English literature. In other words, English literature is as diverse as the varieties and dialects of English spoken around the world in countries originally colonized by the British. In academia, the term often labels departments and programs practicing English studies in secondary and tertiary educational systems. Despite the variety of authors of English literature, the works of William Shakespeare remain paramount throughout the English-speaking world.
Until the early 19th century, this article deals with literature from Britain written in English; then America starts to produce major writers and works in literature. In the 20th century America and Ireland produced many of the most significant works of literature in English, and after World War II writers from the former British Empire also began to challenge writers from Britain. Additional information on literature in English from countries other than the UK and Ireland can be found in see also below.
2.The Subject of Theoretical Grammar, its domain: Morphology and Syntax.
The term grammar is often used to refer to morphology (the study of word forms) and syntax (the study of sentence structure) together. Languages can be classified according to the grammatical principles which hold for them. Such classification is the subject of typology which is concerned with synchronic structure and not with genetic grouping. A language may change its type over time as has happened with English which in the Old English period was a synthetic language with many inflections and now is a rather analytic language with few grammatical endings. Morphology is concerned with the study of word forms. A word is best defined in terms of internal stability (is it further divisible?) and external mobility (can it be moved to a different position in a sentence?). Syntax concerns the possible arrangements of words in a language. The basic unit is the sentence which minimally consists of a main clause (containing at least a subject and predicate). Nouns and verbs are the major categories and combine with various others, such as adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, etc. to form more complex sentences.
RZA: Wu-Tang Manual.
Книга, которую ты держишь в руках, - это не полная биография и не общая философия Клана Wu-Tang. Она представляет собой введение в некоторые основные принципы мышления и искусства Wu-Tang, краткий обзор некоторых идей и событий, которые формировали Клан. Можешь считать её дополнением к альбому Enter the Wu-Tang: 36 Chambers – здесь затронуты все важные аспекты и принципы, в том числе духовность, кунг-фу, шахматы и т.д., - но для настоящего нашего последователя это просто дверь к более полному пониманию. Отбирай знания, мудрость и понимание, заглядывая в отдельные главы, или читай всю книгу по порядку; это путь, а не пункт назначения. Для тех кто ищет, 36-ая комната всё ещё ждёт. Вперёд, к началу саги.
RZA, декабрь 2004г.
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