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Gastric and duodenal ulcer (peptic ulcer) (Язва желудка и двенадцатиперстной кишки (язвенная болезнь)

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What is a stomach or duodenal ulcer?

An ulcer is an open sore, or lesion, usually found on the skin or mucous membrane areas of the body. An ulcer in the lining of the stomach or duodenum, where hydrochloric acid and pepsin are present, is referred to as a peptic ulcer. When the peptic ulcer is located in the stomach, it is called a gastric ulcer. When the peptic ulcer is located in the duodenum, it is called a duodenal ulcer.

What causes gastric and duodenal ulcers?

In the past, it was believed lifestyle factors, such as stress and diet caused ulcers. Today, research shows that most ulcers (80 percent of gastric ulcers and 90 percent of duodenal ulcers) develop as a result of infection with a bacterium called Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori).

Factors suspected of playing a role in the development of stomach or duodenal ulcers include:

· Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)

· Smoking

· caffeine

· stress

· acid and pepsin

· nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

What are the symptoms of gastric and duodenal ulcers?

§ belching

§ nausea

§ vomiting

§ poor appetite

§ loss of weight

§ feeling tired and weak

How are ulcers diagnosed?

· upper GI (gastrointestinal) series - a diagnostic test that examines the organs of the upper part of the digestive system.

· endoscopy - a test that uses a small, flexible tube with a light and a camera lens at the end (endoscope) to examine the inside of part of the digestive tract.

Recommended treatment may include:

· lifestyle changes

· medications

· surgery

Appendicitis is an inflammation of the appendix, a 3 1/2-inch-long tube of tissue that extends from the large intestine. The appendix is a small pouch shaped like a small finger. It is on the right side of the abdomen, connected to the colon.

No one is absolutely certain what the function of the appendix is. One thing we do know: We can live without it, without apparent consequences.

Appendicitis is a medical emergency that requires prompt surgery to remove the appendix. Left untreated, an inflamed appendix will eventually burst, or perforate, spilling infectious materials into the abdominal cavity. This can lead to peritonitis, a serious inflammation of the abdominal cavity's lining (the peritoneum) that can be fatal unless it is treated quickly with strong antibiotics.

What Causes Appendicitis?

Appendicitis occurs when the appendix becomes blocked, often by stool, a foreign body, or cancer.

But the experts believe there are two likely causes:

· Infection - a stomach infection may have found its way to the appendix.

· Obstruction - a hard piece of stool may have got trapped in the appendix. The bacteria in the trapped stool may then have infected the appendix.

What are the symptoms of appendicitis?

§ Progressively worsening pain

§ Coughing or sneezing is painful

§ Nausea

§ Vomiting

§ Diarrhea

§ Inability to pass gas (break wind, fart)

§ Fever

§ Constipation

§ Loss of appetite

What is the treatment for appendicitis?

v Laparoscopy (keyhole surgery)

v Sometimes traditional surgery is necessary




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