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Интервью является специфическим видом опроса. Чаще его применяют при пилотажном пробном исследовании для организации выборок на объектах сложной структуры (предприятия, организации).
Вопросник интервьюер заполняет при непосредственном контакте с респондентом на основании ответов последнего.
Личное интервью бывает индивидуальное и групповое. Этот метод является дорогостоящим, но он позволяет оптимизировать опрос за счет установления доброжелательных взаимоотношений. Поэтому интервьюеры должны проходить психологическую (коммуникативную) подготовку.
Телефонный опрос предполагает краткость беседы, которая не допускает личные и деликатные вопросы. Таким образом, такой опрос позволяет получать информацию в ограниченных тематических рамках.
Опрос с помощью почтовых писем является дешевым, но требует четкого определения вопросов. Кроме того, адресаты могут не ответить на поставленные вопросы.
Социально-статистическая диагностика позволяет получить мнение о различных социально-экономических преобразованиях, работе государственных и муниципальных органов управления, влиянии телевидения на молодежь и другие группы населения.
A
A BBC special news team................. (leave) for Cairo immediately.\\\\\\\ Is leaving
a black eye: a) фингал
a break: a) перелом
a bruise: a) синяк
A car …… repaired next month\\\\\\\\\ Will be
A cinema is a place where films ………………….. a) are shown
A cinema is the place where films… shown\\\\ are
a cut: a) порез
A dog is a good ….. against burglars.\\\\\\\\\\\ a) deterrent
a fracture:\\\\ a) перелом
A goods vehicle is designed to carry a …….of goods.\\ a) cargo
A hooligan\\\\\\\\\\\ a) a violent person who commits criminal acts
A male officer…. the witness to the court.\\\\\\\ Escorts
A man has been arrested on____of setting fire to a school.\\\\\\ a)suspicion
A new school ….. built here next year\\\\\\\\\\\ will be
A new supermarket is going to... next year.\\\\ a) be built
A person who brings illegal drugs or other products into the country in secret is…\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ A smuggler.
A police officer arrested the demonstrator.\\\\\\\\ a) The demonstrator was arrested
A small mistake in a law which gives people the opportunity not to do something\\\\\\\\\\\\ a) a loophole
A state of not having something:\\\\\\ A lack \
A test …. checked up tomorrow\\\\\\\ will be
A troublemaker\\\\\\ a) a person who causes problems or trouble
A violent physical attack on person is\\\\\\\\ An assault
A work….. finished by the next Monday\\\\\\\\\\ Will be
Ability\\\\ a) something a person can do / a skill
About 100 people …… outside the theatre for tickets when we got there. a) Were queuing
After the volcanic eruption of 1957 the railway station....\\\\\ a) was completely destroyed
Although we were driving quite fast, we …………….. by a lot of other cars. a) were overtaken
An electronic device that triggers a loud noise or other alert when someone attempts to make unauthorized entry to a building or other premises.\\\\\\\\\\ a) burglar alarm
Asimov _____ with crimes related to poaching and smuggling.\\\\\\\\\\\\ deals
B
back up\\\\\\\ a) extra people to help you
bonnet: a) капот
brake: a) тормоз
bullet- proofvest:\\\\\\\\ Броне желет
burglar alarm:\\\\\\ Сигнализация
By the time the teacher arrived, the classroom was empty: the students …… a) had left
C
c) John was decided to
Can I have your date of birth?\\\\\ a) physical description
Choose the correct answer. A good statesman, like any other sensible human being, always learns more from his….than from his fervent supporters.\\\\\\\\\\\\\ opponents
Choose the right variant with Past Simple.\\\\\\\\\\\\ a) They repaired vandalized buildings and paint over graffiti.
Choose the right variant with Past Simple.\\\\\\\\\\\\ a) We expected quality of life to improve the community.
Choose the right variant with Past Simple.\\\\\\\\\ a) But we didn’t expect just how much better it would make life in our city.
Choose the right variant with Past Simple.\\\\\\\ a) But we expected just how much better it would make life in our city.
Choose the right variant with Past Simple.\\\\\\\ a) They closed illegal businesses.
Choose the right variant with Past Simple.\\\\\ a) The police arrested the drug dealers and prostitutes in the streets.
Choose the right variant with Present Perfect Simple\\\\\\\\\\\ a) I have not seen new crime prevention campaign
Choose the right variant with Present Perfect Simple\\\\\\\\\\\ a) Have you ever worked with Interpol?
Choose the right variant with Present Perfect Simple\\\\\ a) I don`t know if they have arrested shoplifter or not.
Choose the right variant with Present Perfect Simple\\\\\ a) You have met our corporate communications team
Choose the right variant with Present Perfect Simple\\\ a) Have you interviewed suspecting yet?
Choose the right variant. (First Conditional) \\\\\\\\ a) If the police tell them to leave, the young men will drink too much.
Choose the right variant. (First Conditional)\\\\\\\\\ a) If he break the law again, he will go to prison.
Choose the right variant. (First Conditional)\\\\\\\\\ a) If he hit her again, I will have to take him back to the station
Choose the right variant. (First Conditional)\\\\\\\\ a) If she park there, she will have to pay a fine.
Choose the right variant. (First Conditional)\\\\\\\\ a) If you dump rubbish here again, we will fine you.
Choose the right variant. (First Conditional)\\\\\\\ a) If she pass her driving test, her father will give her a car.
Choose the right variant. (First Conditional)\\\\\\\ a) If they not stop making a noise, I will ask them to move along
Choose the right variant. (First Conditional)\\\\\\\ a) If you harass them again, I`ll arrest you.
Choose the right variant. (First Conditional)\\\\\\\ a) The police will confiscate it, if the teenagers buy alcohol.
Choose the right variant: Criminology ------\\\\\\\ deals with the nature, extent, and causes of crime.
Class A drugs include: \\\\ a) the more potent opioids (e.g. heroin and morphine), cocaine, LSD, ecstasy
Cocaine is very ….. stimulant. It is derived from the coca plant.\\\ a) potent
Complete the sentence..... is when a thief breaks into your house and steals your things.\\\\\\\\ a) burglary
Complete the sentence. This car is not going... in the race. \\ a) to be driven
Confidence\\\\\ a ) a feeling of trust
control:\\\\\ Регулировать
Co-ordination\\\\\\\ a) a person’s control of how he/ she moves
custody:\\\\ арест, заключение
Customs officials use the weighbridge to check the …. of the vehicle.\\\\\\\\ a) weight
D
dealing drugs: Распространять наркотики
Does she like warm weather?\\\\\\\\ a) Yes, she does
Dope\\\\ a) an illegal drug, cannabis
dumping rubbish:\\\\\\ Сброс мусора
E
e) John had been decided to
Ed Garcia also _____ smugglers.\\\\\\ catches
Ed Garcia also… smugglers.\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ catches
Ed Garcia….with a lot of illegal immigrants.\\\\\\\\\ deals
Ed Garcia…for the USA Border Patrol.\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ works
Ed Garsia is 28 and _____ in Santa Teresa in New Mexico, USA.\\\\ lives
equipmentbelt:\\\\\\\\\\ ремень соборудованием
escort:\\\\\\ сопровождать
Euphoric\\\\\\\ a) a happy feeling
F
Find correct question sentence in Present Simple Tense.\\\\\\\\\\ a) What does she have on her face?
Find correct question sentence in Present Simple Tense.\\\\\\\\ a) What kind of problems does the victim have?
Find correct question sentence in Present Simple Tense.\\\\\\\ a) What time do they get their first call?
Find correct sentence in Present Continuous Tense: \\\\\\\\ a) Look! Those teenagers over there are sprays graffiti all over the walls
Find correct sentence in Present Continuous Tense:\\\\\\\\\ a) Police-come quickly! A group of boys are vandalizing the school buildings. They are breaking all the windows.
Find correct sentence in Present Continuous Tense:\\\\\\\ a) Look! Those teenagers over there are sprays graffiti all over the walls
Find correct sentence in Present Continuous Tense:\\\\\\ a) I am really worried. I think neighbour is dealing drugs
Find correct sentence in Present Continuous Tense:\\\\\ a) Look! Those teenagers over there are spraying graffiti all over the walls
Find correct sentence in Present Continuous Tense:\\\\ a) I think those two young men are harassing that woman-they`re following her and shouting
Find correct sentence in Present Continuous Tense:\\\\ a) I think those two young men harassed that woman-they`re following her and shouting
Find out the right variant: a murderer\\\\\\\\\\ kills someone
Find out: уголовный закон\\\\\\\\\\ a) punitive law
Find question in the Passive voice. a) What is silver used for?
Find question in the Passive voice. a) When was television invented?
Find the Passive sentence. a) A new hospital has been built near the airport.
Find the Passive sentence. a) The park gates are locked at 6.30 p.m every evening.
Find the Passive sentence. a) While I was on holiday, my camera was stolen from my hotel room.
Find the right answer: a terrorist\\\\\\\\\\\ a) murders for political reasons or a reward
For her last birthday. Jane ____ a CD player.\\\\a ) was given
G
Give the English equivalent of the following word A violent thug\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ Desperate villain
Going to live in a country without the necessary visa and papers is….\\\\\\\\\ Illegal immigration.
Gonzales loves her job but doesn’t like the _____:\\\\ paperwork
Guernica................. (paint) by Picasso.\\ was painted
H
handcuffs:\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ наручники
He / drive / very fast / and / he / overtake / lots of vehicles. It’s very dangerous.\\\\\\\\ a) He is driving very fast and he is overtaking lots of vehicles. It’s very dangerous.
He / go / straight ahead. /He / leave / the town. \\\\\\\\ a) He’s going straight ahead. He’s leaving the town.
He …….. like the late lift.\\\\\\ a) doesn’t
He has just … the first part of the poem.\\ a) Finished
He was sitting in a cloud of potent cannabis smoke inside his 420 coffee shop in …..\\\\ a) Amsterdam
Heroin and cocaine are …… drugs.\\\ a) the most harmful
His … is Captain.\\\\\\\\\\\\ Rank
His work…. finished by 3 o’clock yesterday\\\\\\\\ was
holster:\\\\\ кобура
How long has Sonia been unemployed? ______. \\\\\\\ a) For two months
How long have you been looking for ……..? a) employer
I
I................. (report) from BBC news headquarters.\\\\\ Am reporting
I................. (report) from BBC news headquarters.\\\\ a) am reported
I _____ very happy today.\\\\ am not
I ______ Simon's birthday present. He mustn't find it before tomorrow. \\\\\\\\ a)have hidden
I …….. at the Imperial hotel till they get my flat ready. a) am staying
I …….. a shower when the telephone rang. ) was having
I can’t come tonight – I ……. my in-laws a) am visiting
I clean the room every day\\\\\\\ The room is cleaned every day
I forgot to tell Jon about the meeting. Don't worry,______ tomorrow.\\\\\\ I'll tell him
I need a ………. to open this tin of peas. a) tin opener
I wrote a letter yesterday\\\\\\\\\ The letter was written yesterday
I______ a good day at school today.\\\ a) didn’t have
I’ve ……… seen the film and I don’t want to see it again. a) already.
I’ve been waiting in the rain …….. hours! a) for
If the strikers still on we’ll have to ……… our trip till another time. a) put off
If you drink and drive, you ………….\\\\\\\ a) may lose your licence
If you park in a non-stopping area, you …………\\\ Have to pay a fine
If you want to drive, you ………….\\\\\\\\\\ a) May take a driving test
Igor Asimov lives and _____ in Saratov in Southern Russia.\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ works
In 2007, the ASF-SMV database helped police to recover more than …….. motor vehicles worldwide. a) 37,000
In the UK, a vehicle is stolen every ….. minutes a) 2
In the United States, elections for president …………….. every four years. a) are held
In the US, a vehicle is stolen every ….. seconds a) 26.4
intimidating people:\\\\\\\\ Запугивание людей
investigate:\\\ Расследовать
J
Jane... to phone me last night, but she didn’t.\\ a) was supposed
Joe and Tom _____ cousins.\\\\\\\\\ a) are
K
L
Law enforcement agencies often have special units which …… particular types of crime.\\\\\\\ a) fight
leave the dishes – I ………. do them for you if you like. a) will
licence: a) права
Like most law enforces, Rita Gonzales works…..\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ Shifts
Local police issued a____to vandals after installing the new CCTV system.\\\\\\\\\ a) warning
lock:\\\\\\ Замок
M
Making illegal copies of something – e.g. money or designer products – is…\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ Counterfeiting.
making noise:\\\\\\ Шуметь
Many accidents ……………………….. by dangerous driving. a) are caused
Money laundering\\\\\\\ a) to hide or use money that has come from illegal activity
Mr. Smith stayed at this office late because he … a lot of work.\\ a) Had
My father built a house in 1998\\\\\\\\ The house was built in 1998
N
Neither Jim nor Jack... there.\\\ a) was invited
Next month, The National theatre …….. a new production of Hamlet a) Are putting on.
Next, the driver drives his vehicle to a place where customs officials can ….. the cargo.\\\\\\\ a) examine
Not planned, using an opportunity\\\\\ a) opportunistic
Now / he/ begin / to slow down.\\\\\\ a) Now he is beginning to slow down.
O
Opioids (such as heroin and methadone) cause very small, …..\\\\\\\ a) pin prick pupils
organize:\\\\\ Организовать
P
Passing the exam at so young an age was quite an ……... a) achievement.
People will be prosecuted even for minor and first___.\\\\\\\\\\\ a)offences
Police officers don’t like paperwork. They …. to be out the street.\\\\\\\\\\\ Prefer
prevent:\\\\\\\ Предотвращать
Production or trafficking of Class A drugs can mean a ……….\\ a) life sentence
property:\\\\\ Имущество
Pupil\\\\\\ a) the black area in the middle of the eye
Put the words into the correct order.\\\\\\\ The OMON wear black face masks when they are on duty.
Put the words into the correct order.\\\\\ There is an OMON unit in every oblast and big city in Russia.
Q
R
Renault and ……. are French makes of car, and …… is Italian a) Peugot; Fiat
Rita Gonzales lives in Richardson, Texas and works for the _______.\\\\\\\\ Dallas Police Department
S
seat belt: a) ремень безопасности
security:\\\\\\\\\ Безопасность
Several serious ……. Have been made against him by the Police.\\\\\ a) Accusations
She ……. be Italian with a name like Smith! a ) can’t
She got the job …….. she was the best candidate. a) because
She seems so offended by his remarks that she probably ________ him as long as she _______.\\\\\\\\\\ a) won’t forgive / lives
She was born twenty five years ………. In a small village in Yorkshire a) ago
She’s changed a lot ……. she left school. ) since
shift:\\\\\\\\ смена
Some letters …. sent to London last month\\\\\\\\\\\ were
Sore\\\\\\\ a) painful, injured
spy hole:\\ Дверной глазок
Start your sentences with the words in italics.
Start your sentences with the words in italics. The police booked the demonstrator into custody.\\\\\\\ a) The demonstrator was booked into custody
Start your sentences with the words in italics. The rioters injured several people. a) Several people were injured.
starting a fire:\\\\\ Возникновение пожара
statement:\\\\\\ заявление
steering wheel: a) руль
Stimulants (such as cocaine, ecstasy or amphetamines) cause very large, …..\\\\ a) saucer pupils
Stoned\\\\\ a) the way a person feels under the influence of drugs
T
taser:\\\\ электрошоковый пистолет
The Carabinieri military police …………..\\\\\\ a) carry out peacekeeping missions
The _____ ____ are civilian law enforcement organization.\\\\\\\\ Japanese Police
The ______ Border Guard is a military organization responsible for the management and security of Finland’s state borders\.\\\\\\\\ Finnish
The …….. is a Russian car a) Lada
The …….. is American car a) Ford
The aim of the initiative is the____of anti-social behavior.\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ a) prevention
The announcement................. (make) tomorrow.\\\\ a) will be made
The builders_________ knocked down all the old houses in our street.\\\\\\\\ a) have
The car / stop. It has no petrol.\\\\\\\ a) The car is stopping. It has no more petrol.
The Carabineri are the ______ national military police:\\\\\ Italian
The Carabinieri sometimes ____ out peacekeeping operations.\\\\\\\\\\ carry
The children... to the zoo.\\\ a) were enjoyed taking them
The committee will discuss the____of local crime prevention schemes.\\\\\\\\\\\\\ a)co-ordination
The driver can’t see properly because his windscreen is……… a) cracked
The driver was drunk, so everyone blamed him … the accident.\\\\\\\\\\ a) for
The film finishes at midnight, so we ____ late home tonight.\\\\\\ a) shall be
The Finnish Border Guard also _________ crimes related to border security.\\\\\\\\\ investigate
The front right-hand tyre is completely……… a) flat
The girl couldn’t remember what happened … her after the accident.\\\\\\\\ \to
The hotter it is … I fill.\\\\ a) More miserable
The Japanese Police _____ the laws of Japan.\\\\ enforce
The least stolen makes of car are ……. and ……... a) BMW and Mazda
The letters................. (type) at the moment.\\\\ re being typed
The lorry is too heavy because it's………… a) overloaded
The MetropolitanPolice is responsible for the__of policing services in London.\\\\\\\\\\\\\ a) provision
The most stolen make of car is ………. a) Toyota
The new computer system... next month.\\\ a) is being installed
The parcel................. (not/deliver) yet.\\\\ a) has not been delivered yet
The poem …. translated last century\\\\\\\\\\ was
The police have launched a_____on petty crime in the town.\\\\\\\\\\ a)crackdown
The police officer…. the man for assault and …. him.\\\\\\\\\\ Arrests/ handcuffs
The police released all the demonstrations on bail.\\\\\\\ a) All the demonstrations were released on bail
The Prime Minister usually takes policy decisions with the agreement of his ….\\\\\\\\\\a ) Cabinet
The rioters broke shop windows.\\\\\\\\\\\\\ a) Shop windows were broken.
The rioters disrupted traffic for several hours.\\\\\\\\ a) Traffic was disrupted for several hours.
The thief................. (arrest) late last night.\\\\\\ Was arrested
The thief................. (arrest) late last night.\\\ a) has been arrested
The truck inspection pit makes it possible for customs officials to check ….. the vehicle.\\\\\\\ a) underneath
The walls….. painted white last week\\\\\\\\\ were
The windows … opened every morning\\\\\\\\\\\ are
The witness claimed he …….. the accused before. a) had not seen
Their engagement... in the local paper.\\\ a) was announced
There is somebody behind us. (I think/we/follow)\\\ I think we are being followed
There was a fight at the party, but nobody....\\\ a) was hurt
There’s somebody walking behind us. I think....\\\\ a) we are being followed
They ….. the vehicle in the examination bay.\\\\\\\\ a) inspect
They ……. like paperwork.\\\\\\\\ a) don’t
They announced the ………. of the flight this morning. a) cancellation
They include a service to the bill\\\\ The service is included in the bill
They put the accident down to his ………...\\\\\\\\ a) carelessness
They show films at the cinema\\\\\\\ The films are shown at the cinema
They speak English in England\\\\\\\\\ English is spoken in England
This article …. translated next week\\\\\\\\\\\\ will be
This poem….. written by W. Shakespeare\\\\\\\\\\\ was
This room …… yesterday\\\\ a) Was cleaned
This room looks different. (you/paint/the walls?) Have you painted the walls
This time last week I….. to Athens a) Have driven
This time tomorrow ……. on the beach sunbathing and drinking freshly squeezed fruit juice! a) I’ll be lying
This vehicle is dangerous. The headlights……… a) don’t work
Thousands of people _______ their umbrella every year on trains and buses.\\\\ a) lose
Tim _____waiting for us when we arrived at the station, so we took a taxi.\\\\\\\\\ a) wasn't
to avoid something\\\\\\\\\ a) to manage not to do something
To ban\\\\\ a) to stop or forbid something
To corrupt\\\\ a) to change from good to bad
To dilate\\\\ a) to get bigger, or more open
To do ………. professionally requires a lot of skill. a) photograph
To giggle\\\\\ a) to laugh in a nervous or exited way
To impair\\\\\\\ a) to make something weaker or less effective
To monitor\\\\\\\ a) to watch and follow the movements of someone
To write what a witness says is to take a \\\\\\\\ Statement.
Tolerant\\\\\\\ a) open, able to accept things you may not agree with
tyre: a) шина
U
V
Volkswagen, the Mercedes and ……. are German cars a) BMW
W
We... by a loud noise during the night.\\\\\\\\\a) were woken up
We are making door-to-door____but haven't had any leads so far.\\\\\\\\\\\ a) enquiries
We can't use my car because it ____ yet.\\\\ a) hasn’t been mended
We can't use my car because it ____ yet.\\\ hasn't been mended
We turned the house upside down but we couldn’t find your ring ….\\\\\\\\ a) Anywhere
What ____ you going to do after the exams?\\\\\ are
What _____ at 5 o clock last night?\\\\\\\\ a) was Karl doing
What ___to you ?\\\\\a) did Sam say
What area of the city does she patrol?\\\\\\\ a) The downtown area
What did thief look like?\\\ a) physical description
What do they do in the downtown area?\\\\\\ Monitor the street activity.
What does the abbreviation ASAP mean\\\\\\ As soon as possible
What does the abbreviation FBI mean?\\\\\\ Federal Bureau of Investigation
What does the abbreviation HGV mean?\\\\\\ Heavy goods vehicle
What does the abbreviation ID mean?\\\\\\\\ Identification Document
What does the abbreviation Ltd mean? \\\\\\\ Limited
What does the abbreviation UN mean?\\\\ United Nations
What does the abbreviation USA mean?\\\\\\\\\\ United States of America
What does the abbreviation VIP mean?\\\ Very important person
What is the emergency number in Europe? a) 112
What is the emergency number in UK? a) 999
What is the emergency number in US? a) 911
What is the legal age of ……… in your country?\\\\ a) retirement
What is your home address?\\\\\\ a) residence
What time does she arrive at work?\\\\\ a) 22:00
What time does the briefing start?\\\\\\\ a) 23:00
When...? \\\\ a) was the letter posted
When I first came to Madrid I ………. speak only a few words of Spanish. a) could
When police officers are on duty, they…. their kit, that’s all theirequipment.\\\\\\\\ Carry
Where ____ the Taj Mahal.\\\\\\\\ a) is
Where are you staying at the moment?\\\\\\\\ a) temporary residence
Where did the incident happen?\\\\\\\ a) location
Who does she join after briefing?\\\\ a) Her partner
Why does she always arrive early?\\\\\\ a) Because she needs time to prepare her kit.
Will these clothes... by Saturday? \\\ a) be made
witness:\\\\\\\\\\ свидетель
Y
Yaseen spends a lot time on _____ in the desert.\\\\\\ patrol
You …… be a member of library before you can borrow books. a) must
You …….. make less noise while other people are asleep. a ) should
You ………… wear your seatbelt during the whole of the flight. a) don’t have to
You have to be a pretty good …….. to get a job as a chef. a) cook
Your driving licence is not valid. It is………... a) out of date
Your food....\\\ a) is still being prepared
Вес\\\\\\\\ a) weight
Водомет\\\\\\\\\\ a) water cannon
Груз\\\\\ a) cargo
Дубинка\\\\\\\\ a) baton
Жертва\\\\\\\\\\ a) victim
Кнут\\\\\\\\\\ a) whip
общество\\\\\\\\\\\ a) Society
Паспортный контроль\\\\ a) passport control
Подозреваемый\\\\\\\\ a) suspect
правила поведения\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ a ) Rules of behavior
Преступник\\\\\ a) criminal
приговор к пожизненному заключению \\\\\\\\\\\\ a)sentence to life
Приговор к смерти. a)sentence to death
Противогаз\\\\\\\\\\\\\ a) gas mask
Свидетель\\\\\\\\\\\ a) witness
слезоточивый газ\\\\\\\\\ a) tear gas
Смотровая яма\\\\\\ a) truck inspection pit
Смотровое помещение\\\\\\\ a) inspection facility
Таможня\\\\\ a) customs
Щит\\\\\\\\\\\ a) riot shield
ПРИНЦИПЫ ДИАЛЕКТИКО-МАТЕРИАЛИСТИЧЕСКОГО ПОНИМАНИЯ МИРА
Материалистическая философия возникла в глубокой древности. Большинство первых философов (например, представители милетской школы Фалес, Анаксимен, Анаксимандр) были стихийными материалистами, то есть считали, подобно Гераклиту, что «мир единый не создан никем из людей и никем из богов, но был, есть и будет вечным огнём, мерами возгорающимся и мерами потухающим». Диалектический взгляд на мир складывался в то же время. Утверждение Гераклита о том, что всё изменяется и нельзя дважды войти в одну и ту же реку, вышло далеко за пределы круга мудрецов. Но в истории философии развитие материалистических и диалектических представлений происходило так, что вплоть до середины XIX века материализм был метафизическим, а диалектика развивалась по преимуществу объективными идеалистами. Вершины своего развития она достигла в гегелевских произведениях конца XVIII - первой трети XIX века. К середине XIX века их пути пересекаются – формируется философская теория, получившая название диалектического материализма. Причём в этой системе впервые в истории философии материалистическое решение получают не только проблемы, связанные с осмыслением природных явлений; складывается материалистическое понимание общественной жизни и её истории.
Диалектико-материалистическое истолкование мира основывается на ряде принципов (в этом отношении представляемая здесь система не отличается от других классических философских концепций). Принцип вообще есть основоположение, выработанное в процессе какой-либо деятельности (производственной, научной, педагогической и т. д.) и распространяемое на все явления соответствующей сферы действительности. Философия как предельно общий взгляд на мир основывается на принципах, приложимых ко всем областям действительности. К числу диалектико-материалистических принципов относятся:
- принцип несотворимости и неуничтожимости мира: мир никогда не возникал и никогда не перестанет существовать. Противоположная точка зрения – креационизм – считает мир результатом творения (креации), совершённым чистым духовным началом из самого себя;
- принцип первичности вещей (материи) и вторичности представлений о них (сознания): вещи, явления, процессы первичны по отношению к психическим образованиям (ощущениям, понятиям и т. п.). Вещи, объективная реальность, первичны по отношению к психическим образам, субъективной реальности в том смысле, что первое существует вечно, второе – лишь с тех пор, как появились общество, человек с его психикой. Во-вторых, вещь есть оригинал, а психический образ – копия этого оригинала;
- принцип постоянной изменчивости вещей и их развития: неизменяющихся вещей не существует, все вещи при определённых условиях способны к развитию;
- принцип материального единства мира: мир бесконечно многообразен, но един; единство мира заключается в его материальности;
- принцип всеобщей связи явлений: в мире нет изолированных вещей; любое явление прямо или косвенно связано со всеми остальными явлениями;
- принцип причинной обусловленности явлений: беспричинных явлений не существует; - принцип системной организации явлений: каждая вещь представляет собой сложное образование, состоящее из элементов, и сама в качестве элемента включена в другую систему;
- принцип познаваемости мира: непознаваемых явлений не существует.
С содержанием некоторых принципов мы уже встречались в предыдущем изложении. Смысл остальных станет понятен после знакомства с рядом философских категорий, о которых речь впереди. Прежде всего нам необходимо подробнее охарактеризовать понятие «диалектика», с помощью которого раскрывается содержание важнейших особенностей мира и нашего мышления.
Философское миропонимание призвано не только представить основные «блоки» бытия (природу, общество, человека, сознание), но и воссоздать их многообразные связи, развитие. Однако построить целостный теоретический образ мира в его динамике оказалось очень трудно. Решение этой задачи растянулось на века и тесно переплелось с формированием диалектики.
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