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A FS is a patterned variety of literary text in which the choice and arrangement of language media secure the purpose of communication.
The development of each style is influenced by the changes in the norms of Standard English, by the progress of science and development of social life:
e.g.
in the 18th century scientists lacked scientific data and used more emotional language (not to prove but to convince)
BELLES-LETTRES STYLE
It has 3 substyles:
- the language of poetry (verse)
- emotive prose (the language of fiction)
- the language of drama
a)The aesthetic-cognitive function (a function which aims at the cognitive process, which secures the gradual unfolding of the idea to the reader and at the same time calls forth a feeling of pleasure which a reader experiences because he/she is able to penetrate into the author's idea and to form his/her own conclusions).
b)The purpose of the belles-lettres style is not to prove but only to suggest a possible interpretation of the phenomena of life by forcing the reader to see the viewpoint of the writer. This is the cognitive function of the belles-lettres style.
The main features:
- the abundant use of EMs and SDs
- special patterns of texts
PUBLICISTIC STYLE
It became a separate style in the middle of the 18th century.
Substyles:
1) the oratorical
2) the radio and TV commentary
3) the essay (moral, philosophical, literary, etc.)
4) journalistic articles (political, social, etc.)
The aim is to produce a constant and deep influence on public opinion, to cause the reader or listener to accept the writer’s (speaker’s) point of view.
Some features of the oratorical substyle:
- direct address to the audience
- contractions (e.g.I’ll)
- colloquial words
- traditional EMs and SDs
- rhetorical questions, repetitions
- ready-made phrases, clichés
- is evident in parliamentary debates, orations on solemn occasions, sermons, in court of law, etc.
e.g.
Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen:
It is indeed a great and underserved privilege to address such an audience as I see before me. At no previous time in the history of human civilization have greater problems confronted and challenged the ingenuity of man’s intellect than now. Let us look around us. What do we see on the horizon? What forces are at work? Whither are we drifting? Under what mist of clouds the future stand obscured?
The essay is a literary composition on philosophical, social, aesthetic or literary subjects, a series of personal or witty comments.
Features:
- brevity of expression
- the 1 person singular
- emotive words, similes, metaphors
Journalistic articles:
- rare and bookish words, neologisms are more frequent than in newspaper articles.
NEWSPAPER STYLE
dates from the 17th century
The main principle:
“news and no comments”
(later) + to influence public opinion on political and other matters.
Types of newspaper texts:
1) brief news items
2) press reports
3) purely informational articles
4) advertisements and announcements
interpretation and appraisal (3-4)
Some materials found in newspapers cannot be regarded as specimen of NS (poems, crossword puzzles, etc)
Basic features of:
1. brief news items
- the bulk of vocabulary is neutral
- economic and political terms (e.g. per capita production)
- clichés (e.g. informed sources, pressing problems)
- abbreviations (e.g. EEC, FO)
- neologisms (e.g. lunar rover, hacker)
- complex syntactical structures, specific word order – “five-w-and-h-pattern rule” (who-what-why-how-where-when)
*new models*
e.g.
The US Consul-General, Mr. Maxwell McCullough, snooped incognito round the anti-Polaris art exhibition Count Down in the McLellan Galleries here this morning
(Daily Worker, 1971).
A noticeably leaner Nestor Kirchner granted a rare interview last month to NEWSWEEK’s Joseph Contreras in Buenos Aires after he was hospitalized for six days for treatment of stomach bleeding
(Newsweek, 2004).
e.g. new models
President Pervez Musharraf says it was destiny that saved him from an assassination attempt on the rainy evening of Dec. 14, when several bombs destroyed a bridge just moments after his motorcade sped across (Time, 2004).
On the day after Super Tuesday, a ghost of politics past materialized in Los Angeles: George W. Bush the Candidate (Time, 2004).
2. advertisements and announcements
- classified (Marriages, Business Offers, etc.)
- elliptical constructions
- absence of articles and punctuation marks
- neutral vocabulary
Examples:
1. NEW AUTHORS publish your book All subject invited Write or send your manuscript to: ATHENA PRESS Queen House, 2 Holly Road, Twickenham TW1 4EG.UK.
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