Dynamic parameters of a population: birth rate, death rate, growth rate of the population.

According to Hard-Vainberg law, relative frequencies of equilocal genes in population are remained constant from generation to generation. Hard-Vainberg law is fair, if following conditions are observed: 1) the population is great; 2) in community free interbreeding is carried out; 3) there is no selection; 4) there are no new mutations; 5) there is no migration of new genotypes in community or from community.

The long and directed change of genetic structure of community, its genofund is called the elementary evolutionary phenomenon. Without change of the community genofund, evolutionary process is impossible.

The factors changing genetic structure of community are following:

1) Mutation is a source of new equilocal genes appearance;

2) Unequal capable of living of species (species are subjected to action of selection);

3) Not casual interbreeding;

4) Drift of genes is a change of equilocal genes frequency, which are casual and independent of selection action (for example, flashes of diseases);

5) Migrations are outflow of available genes and (or) inflow new ones

5Bilet

Pedosphere (a soil cover) as a part of biosphere. The pedosphere (from Greek πέδον pedon "soil" or "earth" and σφαίρα sfaíra "sphere") is the outermost layer of the Earth that is composed of soil and subject to soil formation processes. It exists at the interface of the lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere. The sum total of all the organisms, soils, water and air is termed as the "pedosphere". The pedosphere is the skin of the Earth and only develops when there is a dynamic interaction between the atmosphere (air in and above the soil), biosphere (living organisms), lithosphere (unconsolidated regolith and consolidated bedrock) and the hydrosphere (water in, on and below the soil). The pedosphere is the foundation of life on this planet. There is a realization that the pedosphere needs to be distinctly recognized as a dynamic interface of all terrestrial ecosystems and be integrated into the Earth System Science knowledge base. Also, the pedosphere needs to be studied, valued, enhanced and treated in a sustainable and an ethical manner.

The structural organization of ecosystem. From the point of view of trophic structure ecosystem is divided into two circles – autotrophic and heterotrophic (Odum, 1986).

1. The top autotrophic circle, or «a green belt» is a circle of plants or their parts containing a chlorophyll where fixing of light energy, use of simple inorganic compounds and accumulation of complex organic compounds prevail.

2) The bottom heterotrophic circle, or «a brown belt» is a circle of soil and the precipitation, decompositing substances, roots and etc. in which use, transformation and decomposition of complex compounds prevail.

From the biological point of view in structure of ecosystem there are following components (Odum, 1986):

1) inorganic substances;

2) organic compounds;

3) air, water and substrate medium;

4) producers;

5) macroconsumers;

6) microconsumers.

1. Producers are the autotrophic organisms, which are capable to produce organic substances from inorganic, using photosynthesis or chemosynthesis (plants and autotrophic bacteria).

2. Consumers (macroconsumers) are the heterotrophic organisms consuming organic substance of producers or others consumers (animals, heterotrophic plants, some microorganisms). There are consumers of the first order and the second order.

3. Reducers (microconsumers, destructors) are the heterotrophic organisms, eating fossils and decomposing them to mineral substances (saprotrophic bacteria and mushrooms).

As a rule, in any ecosystem it is possible to note three functional groups of organisms: producers, consumers and reducers. In ecosystems formed only by microorganisms, consumers are absent. Each group consists of set of the populations occupying ecosystem.

In ecosystem, food and power bonds proceed in a line: producers->consumers-> reducers.

Frequency of equilocal genes is its share in all totality of equilocal genes of the given gene. The sum of frequencies of all equilocal genes is equal to unit.

According to Hard-Vainberg law, relative frequencies of equilocal genes in population are remained constant from generation to generation. Hard-Vainberg law is fair, if following conditions are observed: 1) the population is great; 2) in community free interbreeding is carried out; 3) there is no selection; 4) there are no new mutations; 5) there is no migration of new genotypes in community or from community.

The long and directed change of genetic structure of community, its genofund is called the elementary evolutionary phenomenon. Without change of the community genofund, evolutionary process is impossible.

The factors changing genetic structure of community are following:

1) Mutation is a source of new equilocal genes appearance;

2) Unequal capable of living of species (species are subjected to action of selection);

3) Not casual interbreeding;

4) Drift of genes is a change of equilocal genes frequency, which are casual and independent of selection action (for example, flashes of diseases);

5) Migrations are outflow of available genes and (or) inflow new ones

6Bilet

Commensalism and Amensalism. Commensalism and Amensalism. Commensalism benefits one organism and the other organism is neither benefited nor harmed. It occurs when one organism takes benefits by interacting with another organism by which the host organism is not affected. A good example is a remora living with a shark. Remoras eat leftover food from the shark. The shark is not affected in the process, as remoras eat only leftover food of the shark, which does not deplete the shark's resources. Amensalism is an interaction where an organism inflicts harm to another organism without any costs or benefits received by the actor. A clear case of amensalism is where sheep or cattle trample grass. Whilst the presence of the grass causes negligible detrimental effects to the animal's hoof, the grass suffers from being crushed. Amensalism is often used to describe strongly asymmetrical competitive interactions, such as has been observed between the Spanish ibex and weevils of the genus Timarcha which feed upon the same type of shrub. Whilst the presence of the weevil has almost no influence on food availability, the presence of ibex has an enormous detrimental effect on weevil numbers, as they consume significant quantities of plant matter and incidentally ingest the weevils upon it.