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Basic Approaches to syntactic analysis.

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Syntax deals with the way words are combined. It is concerned with the external functions of words and their relationship to other words within the linearly ordered units – word-groups, sentences and texts. Syntax studies the way in which the units and their meanings are combined. It also deals with peculiarities of syntactic units, their behavior in different contexts. Syntactic units may be analyzed from different points of view, and accordingly, different syntactic theories exist:

1) Transformational-Generative Grammar. This theory was first suggested by the American scholar Zelling Harris as a method of analyzing sentences and was later elaborated and popularized by another American scholar Noam Chomsky as a synthetic method of generating (constructing) sentences.

Chomsky postulated a syntactic base of language (deep structure), which consists of a series of phrase-structure rewrite rules, i.e., a series of (possibly universal) rules that generates the underlying phrase-structure of a sentence, and a series of rules (called transformations) that act upon the phrase-structure to form more complex sentences. The end result of a transformational-generative grammar is a surface structure that, after the addition of words and pronunciations, is identical to an actual sentence of a language. All languages have the same deep structure, but they differ from each other in surface structure because of the application of different rules for transformations, pronunciation, and word insertion. Another important distinction made in transformational-generative grammar is the difference between language competence (the subconscious control of a linguistic system) and language performance (the speaker's actual use of language).

2) Constructional Syntax. Constructional analysis of syntactic units was initiated by Prof. G.Pocheptsov (1971). This analysis deals with the constructional significance/insignificance of a part of the sentence for the whole syntactic unit. The theory is based on the obligatory or optional environment of syntactic elements. For example, the element him in the sentence I saw him there yesterday is constructionally significant because it is impossible to omit it. At the same time the elements there and yesterday are constructionally insignificant – they can be omitted without destroying the whole structure.

3) Communicative Syntax. It is primarily concerned with the analysis of utterances from the point of their communicative value and informative structure. It deals with the actual division of the utterance – the theme and rheme analysis. Both the theme and the rheme constitute the informative structure of utterances.

4) Pragmatic approach to the study of syntactic units can be described as the study of the way language is used in particular contexts to achieve particular goals.

5) Speech Act Theory was first introduced by John Austin. The notion of a speech act presupposes that an utterance can be said with different intentions or purposes and therefore can influence the speaker and situation in different ways:

6) Textlinguistics studies the text as a syntactic unit, its main features and peculiarities, different ways of its analysis.

7) Discourse analysis focuses on the study of language use with reference to the social and psychological factors that influence communication.

1.2. Word Combination: Definition

Within the domain of syntax two levels should be distinguished: that of phrases and that of sentences.

The phrase can generally be defined as a combination of two or more words which is a grammatical unit but is not an analytical form of some word. The constituent elements of a phrase may belong to any part of speech. A word-combination can also be defined as a compound nominative unit of speech which is semantically global and articulated.

The difference between a phrase and a sentence is a fundamental one. A phrase is a means of naming some phenomena or processes, just as a word is. Each component of a phrase can undergo grammatical changes while a sentence is a unit with every word having its definite form. A change in the form of one or more words would produce a new sentence.

Grammar has to study the aspects of phrases which spring from the grammatical peculiarities of the words making up the phrase, and of the syntactical functions of the phrase as a whole, while lexicology has to deal with the lexical meaning of the words and their semantic groupings. For example from the grammatical point of view the two phrases read letters and invite friends are identical (the same pattern verb + noun indicating the object of the action).

Phrases can be divided according to their function in the sentence into:

(1) those which perform the function of one or more parts of the sentence (predicate, or predicate and object, or predicate and adverbial modifier, etc.)

(2) those which do not perform any such function but whose function is equivalent to that of a preposition, or conjunction, and which are equivalents of those parts of speech.




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