Speech melody or pitch (высота тона) of the voice is closely connected with sentence stress.
Successive contours of intonation singled out (выделены) of the speech flow may be defined differently: sense-groups (semantic approach), breath-groups (extra-linguistic approach), tone groups (phonological definition) intonation groups, tone (tonetic) units, pitch and stress patterns. Each tone unit has one peak of prominence in the form of a nuclear pitch movement and a slight pause after the nucleus that end the tone unit and is usually shorter than the term “pause” in pausation system.
The tone unit contains one nucleus. The interval between the highest and the lowest pitched syllable is called the range of a sense-group (амплитуда тонич.группы). High, medium and low pitch of the voice is shown on the staves. The change of pitch within the last stressed syllable of the tone-group is called a nuclear tone. It may occur not only in the nucleus but extend to the tail – terminal tone.
Vasilyev gives ten tone units. He states that tones can be moving and level. Moving tones can be: simple, complex and compound. They are: Low Fall; High Wide Fall; High Narrow Fall; Low Rise; High Narrow Rise; High Wide Rise; Rise-Fall; Fall-Rise; Rise-Fall-Rise. The most common compound tones are: High Fall + High Fall; High Fall + Low Rise.
Methods of indicating intonation are different: staves with dots (точки) and dashes (тире).
The tonetic units that constitute the total tone pattern (contour) are the following:
1. unstressed and half stressed syllables preceding the first stressed syllable constitute the prehead of the intonation group;
2. stressed and unstressed syllables up to the last stressed syllable constitute the head, body or scale (чашу?) of the intonation group;
3. the last stressed syllable, within which fall or rise in the intonation group is accomplished (заканчивается), is called the nucleus; the syllable marked with the nuclear tone may take a level stress;
4. the syllables (or one syllable), that follow the nucleus, constitute the tail, e.g.
It’s been a very good evening for me.
| prehead | scale | nucleus | tail |
The most important part of the intonation group is the nucleus, which carries nuclear stress (nuclear tone).
According to the changes in the voice pitch preheads can be: rising, mid and low:
Scales can be: descending (нисход.), ascending (восх.) and level.
According to the direction of pitch movement within and between syllables, descending and ascending scales can be: stepping, sliding and scandent.
If one of the words in the descending scale is made specially prominent, a vertical arrow is placed before the dash-mark which indicates the stressed syllable on the staves, or before the word made specially prominent in the text - // accidental rise, e.g. John is very busy. This type of scale is called upbroken descending scale.
The falling tones convey completion and finality, they are categoric in character. The rising tones are incomplete and non-categoric. Of all the level tones mid level tone is used most frequently. The level tones may express hesitation and uncertainty.
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