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The opposition may be defined as a generalized correlation of lingual forms by means of which a certain function is expressed. The correlated elements (members) of the opposition must possess two types of features: common features and differential features. Common features serve as the basis of contrast, while differential features immediately express the function in question.
Three main qualitative types of oppositions were established in phonology: privative, gradual, and equipollent. By the number of members contrasted, oppositions were divided into binary and more than binary (ternary, quaternary, etc.).
The most important type of opposition in morphology is the binary privative opposition.
Equipollent oppositions in the system of English morphology constitute a minor type and are mostly confined to formal relations only.
Gradual oppositions in morphology are not generally recognized. They can be identified as a minor type at the semantic level only.
Members of morphological oppositions unlike those of phonological oppositions possess both the plane of expression and the plane of content.
Oppositional reduction. Neutralization and transposition.
In various contextual positions one member of an opposition can be used in the position of the other. This phenomenon can be referred to as reduction of oppositions.
A stylistically indifferent oppositional reduction is called neutralization. Use of the unmarked member does not transgress the expressive conventions of ordinary speech.
Another type of oppositional reduction is called transposition. It is defined as contrastive use of the counter-member of the opposition (the strong one, as a rule).
Distribution. Types of distribution. Distributional analysis.
The distribution of a unit is the sum total of all its environments. The environment of a unit may be either “right” or “left”.
Three main types of distribution are discriminated: contrastive, non-contrastive and complementary.
The distributional analysis is used to fix and study the units of language in relation to their contextual environments, i. e. adjoining elements in the text. The study is conducted in two stages. At the first stage, the analyzed text is divided into recurrent segments consisting of phonemes. These segments are called “ morphs ”. At the second stage, the environmental features of the morphs are established and the corresponding identifications are effected.
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