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В ряде случаев имеет место отклонение от вышеизложенных принципов перевода имён и названий. В отношении написания многих исторических имён действует традиция. Например, имена королей: Charles 1 – Карл 1, James – Яков (Иаков), William – Вильгельм.
Существует ряд традиционных переводов географических названий:
Ivory Coast – Берег слоновой кости, Cape of Good Hope – Мыс Доброй надежды, New Orleans – Новый Орлеан, но New Hampshire – Нью Хемпшир.
В ряде географических названий сохраняется традиционная форма: Derby [´da׃bı] – Дерби, Texas [´teksәs] – Техас, Edinburgh [´edınbәrә] – Эдинбург.
Названия мостов, как правило, переводятся: Tower Bridge – Тауэрский мост, Waterloo Bridge – Мост Ватерлоо. Названия зданий переводятся в исключительных случаях: White House – Белый Дом.
Названия газет и журналов транскрибируются, при этом при названиях научных журналов принято давать их перевод: «Chemical Abstracts» – «Кемикл Эбстрактс» (Химический реферативный журнал).
При переводе с английского иноязычные имена передаются в форме, которую они имеют на родине: Munich – Мюнхен, Leghorn – Ливорно, однако сохраняется и традиция в ряде случаев. Напр., Paris – Париж, но газета «Paris Soir» - «Пари Суар».
2. Подберите русские эквиваленты имён собственных.
1) Washington Irving; Edgar Poe; Dorothy Parker; James I; Langston Hughes; Charles III; Victor Hugo; DuPont; Nathaniel Hawthorne; William Parker; William IV; Mitchell Wilson; Woodrow Wilson.
2) Albany; New South Wales; Firth of Tay; Ivory Coast; New Orleans; New Hampshire; Utah; Wyoming; East Greenwich; Munich; West Rocky River; West Delaware River; Cornwall; Zurich; Cape Verde Islands.
3) Downing Street; Whitehall; Windsor Castle; Festival gardens; Fifth Avenue; Trafalgar Square; Charing Cross; Mansion house.
4) National Bank; Associated British Foods; Aluminium Company of Canada; Standard Oil of New Jersey; London; Midland and Scottish Railway; London Broadcasting Company; Warner Brothers; Independent television; Associated Press.
5) Financial Times; Labour Weekly; New York Herald Tribune; Wall Street Journal; Political Affairs; Paris Soir.
3. Переведите следующие слова и словосочетания, обоснуйте выбор эквивалента.
1) Administrative efficiency, 2) arbitration, 3) affidavit, 4) Attorney-General, 5) balance of payments, 6) adverse trade balance, 7) to stuff the ballot, 8) casting vote, 9) close vote, 10) back-bencher, 11) to bail out, 12) election returns, 13) brinkmanship, 14) job bias, 15) political bias, 16) brain drain, 17) State of the Union message, 18) income tax, 19) frame-up, 20) career diplomat, 21) red baiting campaign, 22) break-through, 23) bread-line, 24) circumstantial evidence, 25) gerrymandering, 26) craft union, 27) open shop system, 28) brain washing, 29) non-contiguous States, 30) company checkers, 31) contempt of court, 32) crippling taxes, 33) polling date, 34) defendant, 35) color-blind, 36) conglomerate, 37) social work, 38) the Chief Executive, 39) hardware, 40) software.
4. Переведите, обращая внимание на семантику «ложных друзей переводчика».
1) The heavies blow that the atom bomb fanatics got, however, came with the dramatic announcement that the Russians also have got the bomb. 2) As they participate in the fight for dramatic reforms large sections of the population come to realize the necessity of unity of action with the working class and become more active politically. 3) The Administration, of course, is loath to contemplate such fundamental change in its foreign policy. The stakes are too high and American bonds with Europe too numerous to permit such a dramatic situation. 4) The Prime Minister’s dramatic European move was timed to divert public attention from the more dismal news of the freeze. 5) There is a popular tendency, among most newsmen and radio and TV commentators, to portray Congressmen as men who are working themselves to death, sweating and suffering heart attacks to serve the people. 6) He seems to have excluded himself from the vice-presidential candidacy at a time when the public opinion polls report that he is more popular than both the President and the Vice-president. 7) The victory of the popular revolution in Cuba has become a splendid example for the peoples of Latin America. 8) The meeting expressed the hope that the remaining points of differences would be settled when the conference is resumed in Geneva. 9) This fact is recognition of the weight and power of public opinion, of its growing influence on international developments. 10) Generally speaking, says the Survey, developments last year were distinctly less encouraging than was expected.
5. Переведите, обращая внимание на значение неологизмов.
1) An important step, which will certainly influence the discussions, was the Soviet offer on the so-called “minimum deterrent” made by the Soviet Foreign Minister at the UN General Assembly. 2) In relation to the first task important new ground was broken by the Soviet “minimum deterrent” proposal. 3) These short-comings have been much in display over the plans for the so-called NATO multi-lateral force — the mixed-manned seaborne nuclear deterrent. 4) Another deterrent to independent action is money, and the average Congressman chooses the line of the least resistance. 5) Local officials who obstruct or refuse registration can also be severely punished (though jury trials are a somewhat flimsy deterrent in the south of the USA). 6) It is not only the Black Africans alone who see the arms question primarily in terms of the confrontation between white and black: the white supremacists of South Africa also do so. 7) From the very beginning the issue of jobs was central in the nation-wide confrontation of the Black Freedom Movement as was seen in the Great Washington March. 8) There was a dramatic confrontation between one of the dismissed lecturers and the Director. 9) Under the imminent threat of what came to be knows, according to the jargon of the day, as a “confrontation” between the two super-powers, the other delegations thrashed about frantically searching for a compromise formula. 10) To all intents and purposes there was no confrontation. There was, he said, “full agreement among the contestants”.
6. Обратите внимание на значение интернациональных слов, переведите примеры.
1) extravagant (adj) – 1 spending much more than is necessary or prudent; wasteful; 2 excessively high (of prices): We mustn’t buy roses — it is too extravagant in winter.
2) catholic (adj) – esp. likings and interests – general, wide-spread, broad-minded, liberal, including many or most things: Mr. Prowler was a politician with catholic tastes and interests.
3) dramatic (adj) – 1 sudden or exciting; 2 catching and holding the imagination by unusual appearance or effects: How would you account for such dramatic changes in the situation?
4) minister (n) – 1 Christian priest or clergyman; 2 a person representing his Government but of lower rank than an ambassador: The British minister at Washington was requested to notify his Government of a possible change in the agenda of the forthcoming meeting.
5) routine (n) – the regular, fixed, ordinary way of working or doing things: Frequent inspections were a matter of routine in the office.
6) pathetic (adj) – 1 sad, pitiful; exciting pity or sympathetic sadness; affecting or moving the feeling; 2 worthless, hopelessly unsuccessful: Perhaps it was merely that this pathetic look of hers ceased to wring his heart-strings.
7) pilot (n) – 1 a person qualified to steer ships through certain difficult waters or into or out of a harbour; 2 a guide or leader: Before entering on his literary career Mark Twain was employed as pilot on vessels going up and down the Mississippi river.
8) student (n) – (of smth) a person with a stated interest; anyone who is devoted to the acquisition of knowledge: The recently published work of the world-known ornithologist will be interesting to any student of bird-life.
7. Найдите в словаре значения приведённых английских и русских слов, укажите, в каких из них они различаются.
1) actual \ актуальный; 2) appellation \ апелляция; 3) aspirant \ аспирант; 4) balloon \ баллон; 5) baton \ батон; 6) billet \ билет; 7) composer \ композитор; 8) concern \ концерн; 9) depot \ депо; 10) direction \ дирекция; 11) fabric \ фабрика; 12) genial \ гениальный; 13) intelligence \ интеллигенция; 14) motion \ моцион; 15) motorist \ моторист; 16) obligation \ облигация; 17) physique \ физик; 18) probe \ проба; 19) protection \ протекция; 20) pathos \ пафос.
Семинар 4. Особенности перевода некоторых групп лексики.
1. Перевод слов эмоционального значения.
2. Перевод адвербиальных глаголов.
3. Перевод синонимов и антонимов.
4. Словообразовательные аспекты перевода.
Вопросы для самоконтроля.
1. Какими признаками характеризуются слова эмоционального значения?
2. С какими трудностями сталкивается переводчик при переводе этих слов?
3. В чём особенности и каковы разновидности адвербиальных глаголов?
4. Дайте определение синонимам и укажите по каким признакам они могут выделяться.
5. Какие способы словообразования вам известны? В чём их особенности?
Задание:
1. Проанализируйте и переведите следующие предложения.
1) Of course this is not the result of psychological changes among the rulers of the three Powers concerned, nor is diplomacy the biggest factor which brought about the treaty. 2) The main reasons for the uncertainty are clear enough. The separation of powers means that president and Congress are elected separately. The federal structure of the huge country means that between presidential elections the local party organizations more or less go their own way. 3) The balance of power in Europe, maintained for many years, had been shattered in six weeks. 4) The Labour Party is on record as saying that if any industry is failing the nation or its workers, then the Labour Government will take steps to bring it under public control. 5) That candidate’s record shows what can be expected from him: a red-baiter, character assassin and a labour-hater. 6) If any new pattern emerged to replace the old it was that younger men tended to defeat older men and new faces to defeat familiar ones. 7) Political fact Number one to most candidates is that it takes money to run for office — great gobs of it. To get this money, the legislator must go to people who have some extra cash. 8) In the field of industry special emphasis has been placed on the heavy industries, such as coal, steel and cement, but consumer goods facilities such as sugar refineries and textile plants have also received attention. 9) That the black community in the USA is in the throes of profound economic crisis is evident from the unemployed figures.
Семинар 5. Перевод устойчивых сочетаний и фразеологических единиц.
1. Определение фразеологических единиц и их классификация.
2. Приёмы перевода образной фразеологии.
3. Компоненты значения фразеологических единиц. Выбор варианта перевода в зависимости от характера фразеологической единицы.
4. Перевод необразных устойчивых сочетаний.
5. Обновление устойчивых сочетаний и фразеологических единиц и передача этого приёма в переводе.
Вопросы для самоконтроля.
1. Что вы понимаете под понятием «фразеологизм»?
2. Какую классификацию фразеологических единиц предлагает В.В. Виноградов?
3. Какие приёмы используют для перевода образной фразеологии?
4. В чём сложность перевода национально-окрашенных фразеологических единиц?
5. Какие трудности возникают при переводе необразных фразеологических единиц?
6. Чем обусловлены трудности перевода приёма обновления устойчивых сочетаний и фразеологических единиц?
7. Какими способами осуществляется обновление устойчивых сочетаний?
Задания:
1. Подберите русский эквивалент, укажите семантические компоненты, совпадающие и различающиеся в их значениях.
1) to mark time; 2) to play second fiddle; 3) to hide behind smb’s back; 4) to be in the same boat; 5) to be cut of the same cloth; 6) to sit on the fence; 7) to draw in one’s horns; 8) to spread like wildfire; 9) to win with a small margin; 10) to make no bones about smth; 11) to play into smb’s hands; 12) to show one’s true colors; 13) to twist the lion’s tail; 14) to send smb to Coventry; 15) to have some strings attached; 16) to turn back the clock; 17) to throw cards on the table; 18) to put one’s weight behind smth; 19) to sell smth lock, stock and barrel; 20) to swallow smth hook, line and sinker.
2. Приведите русский эквивалент пословиц и укажите способ перевода.
1) A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush. 2) A burnt child dreads the fire. 3) A rolling stone gathers no moss. 4) Necessity is the mother of invention. 5) Rome was not built in a day. 6) Small rain lays great dust. 7) Enough is as good as a feast. 8) A miss is as good as a mile. 9) It is a good horse that never stumbles. 10) It is a long lane that has no turning.
3. Укажите способ перевода идиом.
1) The fish begins to stink at the head. 2) When in Rome, do as the Romans do. 3) to have money to burn; 4) to give smb the cold shoulder; 5) to set the Thames on fire; 6) to give away the show; 7) to ask for the moon; 8) to be at the end of one’s rope; 9) to bet on the wrong horse; 10) A new broom sweeps clean; 11) a fly in the ointment; 12) good riddance to bad rubbish; 13) with fire and sword; 14) You can’t run with the hare and hunt with the hounds.
4. Переведите предложения и укажите способ перевода.
1) British bourgeois periodicals prefer to give a wide berth to the delicate question of American military bases. 2) Numerous examples of violence against workers give the lie to the assertion of the reactionary union bosses that there is no class struggle in the United States. 3) The British economy is not out of the wood yet. 4) The manager was passing the time of the day with one of his secretaries. 5) Trying to make him change his mind is just beating your head against the wall. 6) If he has spoken publicly about the truth he would have gotten the axe one way or another. 7) She gave her father a hug, and got into a cab with him, having as many fish to fry with him as he with her. 8) Students get it in the neck when they lose library books. 9) “Oh, tell us about her, Auntie” cried Imogen; “I can just remember her. She’s the skeleton in the family cupboard, isn’t she? And they are such fun”.
Семинар 6. Грамматические проблемы перевода.
1. Понятие грамматической трансформации, причины её использования в переводе.
2. Виды грамматических трансформаций:
ü перестановки;
ü замены;
ü добавления;
ü опущения.
3. Перевод эквивалентных форм и структур.
4. Перевод безэквивалентных форм и структур.
Вопросы для самоконтроля.
1. Что наблюдается при сопоставлении грамматических категорий и форм в русском и английском языках?
2. Дайте определение понятию «грамматическая трансформация» и охарактеризуйте её виды.
3. На каких уровнях могут происходить перестановки и чем они обусловлены?
4. Чем вызвана необходимость произведения замен?
5. Каким образом переводятся конверсивы и некоторые местоимения?
6. Какова особенность перевода предложений с двойной предикацией?
7. В каких случаях используются добавления?
8. Чем обусловлены случаи опущения?
9. Какие изменения порядка слов наблюдаются при переводе?
10. Какие особенности перевода инфинитива и его форм в русском и английском языках?
11. Охарактеризуйте особенности перевода безэквивалентных грамматических форм и структур (артикль, временные формы, абсолютная причастная конструкция)?
Задания:
1. Переведите, обращая внимание на случаи, когда артикль нуждается в переводе.
1) Who is she? – She is a Mrs. Erlynn. 2) A woman was loudly complaining of a pain in her back. 3) I know an old woman who can be a baby-sitter for you. 4) He decided to solve this problem at a blow. 5) What is your objection to the hour? I think the hour is an admirable hour. 6) From 1836 until his death in 1870 Dickens continued to be in general estimation the English story-teller. 7) His Pecksniff could never have worked the wickedness of which he had just heard, but any other Pecksniff could; and the Pecksniff who could do that, could do anything. 8) This was a Guernica, a Coventry, a Lidice perpetrated in part by a British ship in the service of the Americans. 9) Tomorrow I will be with Essex as the Asquith expects, a normal Asquith, an undivided, unchanged, untouched, unalterable and eccentric Asquith who will partner him on his great mission to the Security Council. 10) He still wore knee breeches, and dark cotton stockings on his nether limbs, but they were not the breeches. The coat was wide-skirted, and in that respect like the coat, but, oh, how different.
2. Переведите, обращая внимание на значение модальных глаголов.
1) This fatal policy must be reversed if we are to regain our freedom. 2) If she wanted to keep things from him, she must, he could not spy on her. 3) There is a painting by Surikov. In this picture we can see Suvorov crossing the Alps. 4) The exact and immediate cause of this letter cannot, of course, be told, though it is not improbable that Bosinney may have been moved by some sudden revolt against his position towards Soames. 5) At nineteen he was a limber, freckled youth with a wide mouth, light eyes, long dark lashes, a rather charming smile, considerable knowledge of what he should not know, and no experience of what he ought to know. 6) I’m afraid, I’ll have to leave earlier today. 7) Come, now, that’s good, sir, – that’s very good. Your uncle will have his joke. 8) One has only to read the business journals of Wall Street – to see the real origin of the arms race. 9) Under the pressure of the US ambassador in Paris the President of France abandoned his intention of seeing Charlie Chaplin’s picture. We cannot say how he felt about the matter, but I have yet to meet a single Frenchman who did not see in this an insult to his own national dignity.
3. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод модальных глаголов.
1) In his opinion the two superpowers should have made more progress at the Geneva talks. 2) “You couldn’t have tried so very hard”, said Carrie. 3) But for the sweetness of family gossip, it must indeed have been lonely here. 4) The lamp lit her face and she tended the long pipe, bent above it with the serious attention she might have given to a child. 5) Phuong lit the gas stove and began to boil the water for tea. It might have been six month ago. 6) It was a strange situation, and very different from any romantic picture which his fancy might have painted. 7) “We’ll take it to my den”. – “Why, of course! Might have thought of that before”. 8) Entering the church he looked like a childlike man… His feet scarcely wakened the slightest sound. He might have been trying to steal in unobserved in the middle of a sermon. 9) Physically he looked like his parents – in every other respect, he might have dropped from the moon for all resemblance he had to them.
Семинар 7. Перевод атрибутивных конструкций.
1. Типы препозитивных атрибутивных словосочетаний: двухкомпонентные и многокомпонентные.
2. Приёмы перевода препозитивных и атрибутивных сочетаний.
3. Перенесённое определение и его перевод.
Вопросы для самоконтроля.
1. В чём заключается различие связей между компонентами атрибутивного словосочетания в русском и английском языках?
2. Какие разновидности атрибутивных сочетаний выявлены и в чём их особенности?
3. Каким образом следует переводить многочленные атрибутивные словосочетания?
4. Что такое «перенесённое определение»?
5. Каковы способы его перевода?
Задания:
1. Укажите возможные значения данных атрибутивных сочетаний.
1) Berlin proposals; 2) Gran Chako war; 3) dollar export drive; 4) heavy government expenditure; 5) pre-war slump talk; 6) present national Communist vote; 7) Labour party strength; 8) Middle East Conference; 9) aggressive supporter; 10) bold adventurer; 11) labour quiescence; 12) festering grievances; 13) the nation’s highest homicide rate; 14) wildlife management authorities; 15) four-part program; 16) environmentalist protest; 17) provincial government decision; 18) environmental consequences; 19) safety violations; 20) fish-breeding pools.
2. Подберите русские эквиваленты.
1) heavy eater; 2) practical joker; 3) conscientious objector; 4) sleeping partner; 5) stumbling block; 6) smoking concert; 7) perfect likeness; 8) vested interest; 9) tough customer; 10) foregone conclusion; 11) top trade union leaders; 12) collective bargaining rights; 13) consumers’ goods industries; 14) post-war anti-labour drive; 15) point four program; 16) Liberal Party whip; 17) public school boy; 18) Good Neighbour policy; 19) strong party man; 20) CIO auto union president.
3. Переведите, обращая внимание на многочисленные атрибутивные сочетания.
1) The American Labour Party Political Action Committee Election Campaign Planning Board launched a new fund-raising drive. 2) The British engineering industry must be nationalized to overcome the obstructive stick-in-the-mud, “take it or leave it” traditions of many engineering firms. 3) The preoccupation with selling papers against fierce competition leads to the American practice of an edition every thirty seconds. This mania for speed, plus the man-bites-dog news formula, works to corrupt and discourage the men who handle news. 4) Many a citizen fed up with the long and prolonged bickering between the Republicans and the Democrats, began thinking plague-on-both-your-houses thoughts. 5) Fitch kept a hats-cleaned-by-electricity-while-you-wait-establishment, nine feet by twelve, in Third Avenue. 6) He was being the boss again, using the it’s-my-money-now-do-as-you’re-told voice. 7) “All right”, he said. “You be ready when I come at seven. None of this “wait-two-minutes-till-I-primp-an-hour-or-two” kind of business, now Dele. 8) Vilified in everything from Little Red Riding Hood to late-night-horror movies, Cannis lupus, the wolf, has traditionally suffered from a bad press. 9) The actors will appear in the soon-to-be-released film.
Семинар 8. Перевод и стиль.
1. Определение стиля. Факторы, влияющие на характер и стиль перевода.
2. Перевод стилистически маркированных единиц.
3. Особенности научного стиля.
Вопросы для самоконтроля.
1. Что такое «стиль»? Охарактеризуйте факторы, влияющие на характер и стиль перевода.
2. Какие трудности возникают при переводе парафразов, сравнений, метафор, аллюзий?
3. Какие факторы играют стилеобразующую роль в научном стиле?
Задания:
1. Определите референт данных описательных конструкций.
1) the Emerald Isle; 2) the Land of White Elephants; 3) the Land of the Shamrock; 4) the Land of the Thousand Lakes; 5) from John O’Groat’s to Land’s End; 6) the Mother State; 7) the Golden State; 8) the Evergreen State; 9) the City of Brotherly Love; 10) the City of Seven Hills; 11) the vale of misery; 12) John the Barleycorn; 13) the Man of Destiny; 14) the Wise Men of the East; 15) a white elephant; 16) a white slave; 17) a white crow; 18) the Union Jack; 19) the Stars and Stripes; 20) John Doe.
2. Переведите следующие метафоры.
1) The tool business is one of the most competitive industries in America – dog eat dog down to the puppies. 2) The Tory card-castle of illusions of the British Empire’s glorious future lay in ruins. 3) The owners of the coal mines knew which side their bread was buttered on. 4) I always knew you to be a rolling stone that gathered no moss, but I never thought you would have taken away what little moss there was for my children to lie upon. 5) No amount of eating your cake and wanting to have it could take the place of common honesty. 6) Jolyon stood a moment without speaking. Between this devil and this deep sea – the pain of a dreadful disclosure and the grief of losing his wife for two months – he secretly hoped for the devil, yet if she wished for the deep sea he must put up with it. 7) The racists in South Africa began to feel the waves of Africa liberation lapping round their ankles. 8) Father Brown seemed to take it quite naturally and even casually, that he should be called into consider the queer conduct of one of his flock, whether she was to be regarded as a black sheep or as a lost lamb. 9) Mel, airport general manager – lean, rangy and a powerhouse of disciplined energy – was standing by the Snow Control Desk, high in the control power.
3. Переведите, стараясь передать стилистический эффект повторов.
1) The Union ranks grow in struggle and it is in struggle that we recruit our leadership and the ranks of the best men and women of the working class. 2) Come war, come deluge, come anything and everything except the popular uprising against the scarcity-dividend system, the international machine of profit-making must pound on. 3) The wretched slaves had no knowledge, no rights, no protection against the caprices of their irresponsible masters. 4) Examination convinced him that the deacon was dead – had been dead for some time, for the limbs were rigid. 5) She did more that day than any other. For, in the morning she invariably cleared off her correspondence; after lunch she cleared off the novel or book on social questions she was reading; went to a concert clearing off a call on the way back; and on first Sundays stayed at home to clear of the friends who came to visit her.
4. Проанализируйте текст с точки зрения переводческих проблем. Выполните письменный перевод. Выявите свои ошибки и классифицируйте использованные приёмы перевода.
A GLIMPSE OF AIRPORT
Baggage handling is the least efficient part of air travel. An astounding amount of airline baggage goes to wrong destinations, is delayed, or lost entirely. Airport executives point woely to the many opportunities for human error which exists with baggage handling.
Freight is now going aboard Flight Two in a steady stream. So is mail. The heavier-than usual mail load is a bonus for Trans America. A flight of British Overseas Airways Corporation, scheduled to leave shortly before Trans America Flight, has just announced a three-hour delay. The post-office supervisor, who keeps constant watch on schedules and delays, promptly ordered a switch of mail from the BOAC airliner to Trans America. The British airline will be unhappy because carriage of mail is highly profitable, and competition for post office business keen. All airlines keep uniformed representatives at airport post offices, their job to keep an eye on the flow of mail and ensure that their own airline got a “fair share” – or more – of the outgoing volume. Post office supervisors sometimes have favourites among the airline men and see to it that business comes their way. But in case of delay, friendship doesn’t count. At such moments there is an inflexible rule: the mail goes by the fastest route.
Inside the terminal is Trans America Control Centre. The centre is a bustling, jam-packed noisy conglomeration of people, desks, telephones, teletypes, private-line TV and information boards. Its personnel are responsible for directing the preparation of all Trans America flights. On occasions like tonight with schedules chaotic because of the storm, the atmosphere is pandemonic. The scene resembling an old-time newspaper city-room, as seen by Hollywood.
СПИСОК РЕКОМЕНДУЕМОЙ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ
1. Акуленко В.В. «О ложных друзьях переводчика» // Англо-русский и русско-английский словарь «ложных друзей переводчика». — М., 1969. — 384 с.
2. Бархударов Л.С. Язык и перевод. — М.: Междунар. отношения, 1975. — 239 с.
3. Борисова Л.И. Лексические особенности англо-русского научно-технического перевода. — М.: МПУ, 2001. — 227 с.
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13. Циммерман М., Веденеева К. Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика. — М.: Наука, 1993. — 735 с.
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Equivalents can be classified… Lexical, phraseological or grammatical
Facilitation of linguistic communication between members of distinct speech communities. What is it? interlingual communication
Find equivalence of “do in Rome as the Romans do”: С волками жить – по-волчьи выть
Find equivalence of “make hay while the sun shines”: Куй железо, пока горячо
Find equivalence of “the game is not worth the candle”: Игра не стоит свеч
Find equivalence of “to get up on the wrong side of the bed”: Встать с левой ноги
Find equivalence of “to pull chestnuts out of the fire”: Таскать каштаны из огня
Find the correct opposite meaning of “ to sit out”. to sit in
Give the correct translation of the sentence: “ The boy’s ambition was to become a pilot.” мечтой мальчика было стать летчиком
Give the equivalent to the word “drugstore” дәрiхана
Give the right translation of the following sentence “The student is reading a book” Студент читает книгу
Grammatical units of TT language depends … on the semantics and combinability of its lexical elements
How many equivalences has translation? 5
How many levels of equivalence have? 5
How many steps make the translator in a situational model? 1
How many types are there in loan context? 2
How translate “a machine - gun” into Russian by equivalence? Пулемет
In a situational model the 1st step of the process. the break through to the situation
In consecutive interpretation the translators is expected to listen to long speeches, taking necessary notes, giving all details ar only the main idea
In simultaneous interpretation the translators is expected To understand all kinds of foreign accents and detective pronunciation, to keep pace with the fastest speakers
In what text the poetic or stylistic effect is no less important than the ideas conveyed a literary
Informative translation is … rendering into the target language not – literary texts
Semantic identification of the translation presumed that the translation has … the same meaning as the original text
Situational and the semantic – transformational model are supposed to explain… the dynamic aspects of translation
Target language (TL) is … a text which has an identical communicative value with the source text
The 1st level of equivalence purport of communication
The 2nd level of equivalence: The level of (the identification) of situation
The 3rd level of equivalence A the level of the method of description
The 4th level of equivalence the level of syntactic meanings
The 5th level of equivalence the level of word semantic
The change in the parts of speech is… a common procedure in translation
The choice of the equivalent will depend on the relative importance of a …particular semantic element in the act of communication
The choice of the syntactical structure of the translated sentence depends on… TL co-occurrence rules
The existing models of the translating process are based on the … situational model and the semantic – transformational model
The functional status of translation is supported by its structural and semantic similarity with the original.
The general theory of translation describe the basic principles which hold good for each and every n event translation
The great differ of English and Russian reports use of colloquial slang and regular elements various paraphrases, eye – catching headlines
The main kinds of the oral translation consecutive and simultaneous
The other meaning of the science of translation translotology
The relationships between the words are called… pragmatics
The translating process must needs include two mental process - … Understanding and verbalization
The type of operation is identified by comparing … The initial and the final texts
Transformational translation is … when the translator resorts to one of the grammatical transformations
Translate into Russian “It is very strange this domination of our intellect by our digestive organs”. Странно, до какой степени пищеварительные органы властвуют над нашим рассудком.
Translate into Russian: “stabilizer” директор
Translate this sentence “The student is reading a book” Студент читает книгу
Translate this sentence “Студент читает книгу” The student is reading a book
Translating process must need to include two mental processes understanding and verbalization
Translation is a complicated phenomenon involving factors like Linguistic, psychological, cultural, literary, ergonomically.
Translation is a means of …. Interlingua communication.
Translator is.. Who makes possible an exchange of information between the users of different languages.
Understanding is … the translator understand contents of ST that is reduces the information if contains to his own mental program, then he develops his program into TT
What characterize the first group of operations (transformation): Imitation of the form of a word or of a collocation.
What has the translation with the original text? same meaning
What is a model? describe the translating process either in a general form
What is the aim of translation’s structure? maximal parallelism
What is the lexical translation? when the meaning of the grammatical units is not rendered in the translation
What is the linguistic context? which is made up by the other SL units in the ST
What is the main goal of the technical translation? to describe the situation in original
What is the main types of translation? written, oral
What is the meaning of the words interlingua communication? speak in different languages
What is the meaning of this word combination? “a skeleton in the family” a shameful family secret
What is the pragmatics? relationships between the word and its users
What is the Russian form of “ Union executive committee”? исполнительный комитет профсоюза
What is the siyuational model? it is described the reality, the facts of life that are represented be the verbial description
What is the ST? original text
What is the TL? target language
What is the TR? translation receptors
What is the translation? is a means of interlingua communication
What is the translatology? The study of the theory and practice of translating
What kind of theory of translation “concerned with translation contact as a form of speech communication establishing contact between communicants who speak different languages”? linguistic theory
What materials has the most important role in our age of the revolutionary technical progress? translation scientific technical materials
What models explain the dynamic aspects of translation? situational and semantic – transformational models
What practice of translation combine? Literary and linguistic theory, history and culture of translation
What translators have own problems? prose, poetry and plays
Which science study the theoretical and applied aspects of translation studies: Translation or translotology
Who will be a good literary translator? a talented writer or a poet
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