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Secondary predication and predicative constructions with the verbals

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If we take the sentence He studies hard we shall see that it contains the subject and the predicate. The relations between the subject and the predicate are usually expressed grammatically and first of all it is expressed in grammatical agreement: He studies but they study. In the sentence He studies hard we observe the whole complex of relations between the subject and the predicate (person, number, tense, mood, voice, correlation!. So the whole complex of relations between the subject and the predicate expressed grammatically in a sentence is called predication.

Predication is found in any sentence. But sometimes we may find sentences which contain not only grammatical predication but the phenomenon which is called secondary predication. e.g. He expects her to study hard.

The relation between the subject he and the predicate expects is that of the relation of grammatical or primary predication. But in the sentence there is another construction her to study in which the relations between the components are very much similar to the relations between the subject and the predicate because the nominal purther is the doer of the action expressed by the Infinitive to study. But the relations between these pans are not expressed grammatically. That is why we may speak here only of logical predication and therefore the nominal part of this construction may be called only the secondary subject while the verbal part - the secondary predicate and the relations between them are called the relations of secondary predication. The constructions which are based on the relations of the secondary predication are called predicative constructions.

Predicative constructions are usually built up with the help of verbals and they are used in different syntactical functions. Their peculiarities consist in the fact that they serve to express not simple parts of a sentence but complex ones.

There are the following predicative constructions with the verbals in Modern English:

1) The Accusative with the Infinitive (or Participle). Some grammarians call it the Objective with the Infinitive (or Participle) Construction. The syntactical function of this construction is that of a complex object. E.g. I want you to do it. I heard him speaking something.

2) The Nominative with the Infinitive (or Participle) or the Subjective with the Infinitive (or Participle) Construction. E.g. The plane was reported to have been shot down. The girl was seen entering the hall.

Some grammarians think that this construction performs the function of a complex subject,

3) An Infinitive construction introduced by the preposition -to Infinitive Construction. Some grammarians call it the for-phrase. This construction may be used in different syntactical functions in the sentence: as the subject, object, predicative, attribute, adverbial modifier, e.g. It is for you to decide.

4) The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction expressing adverbial relations.

My eyes being very heavy. I lay down again and slept. Dinner over, they went to the college. - Nominal absolute construction.

5) The Prepositional Absolute Participle Construction introduced by the preposition with (or without). Usually this is a complex adverbial modifier of attending circumstances. E.g. He fell asleep with a candle lit.




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