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Http://englishlit.about.com/arts/englishlit

www.spartacus.schoonet.co.uk/drama.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

Http://www.factspider.com/neo-romanticism

 

Тема 12. New beginnings in literature. R. Kipling, J. Conrad, Arthur Conan Doyle.

Проблемные вопросы лекции. The creative work of Rudyard Kipling as the union between romanticism and realism. Conrad’s adventurous novel, its particularity and the main themes. Arthur Conan Doyle’s detective stories and novels.

Тезисы лекций. A further example of the union between romanticism and realism in fiction is continued by Rudyard Kipling (1865-1936). Kipping was born in India and began his career there as a journalist, an experience which put him in possession of a vast amount of material which appealed to the body of English readers as a storehouse of romance, but which the author controlled with the detailed knowledge of the realist. His first literary success was the result of the short stories of army, civilian and native life in India, many of them originally published in Indian newspapers and collected in 1888, under the titles: Plain Tales from the Hills, Soldiers Three and Plantom Riskshaw. There followed the collections called Life’s Handicap 1891, Many inventions 1893, The Day’s work 1898 and Actions and reactions 1909.

Kipling understood thoroughly the art of the short story- that concentration upon a total effect which distinguishes the modern short story from the old-fashioned tale. His sketches of Indian life are single in purpose, brief and vivid as flashes of lightning. Their appeal is romantic by virtue of their remote exotic material, stirring the imagination by all that is strange and haunting. For instance, The Strange Ride of Morrowby Jukes and The Mark of the Beast surpass in horror the effects of the 18th Gothic novel, and at the same time they are told with the calm precision of the realist. Moreover, Kipling’s range of effects in these tales is very wide – horror in the two just mentioned; pathos of childhood in “the story of Muhammad Din”, and of love in “without Benefit of Clergy”; humor in “My Lord the Elephant”; satiric comedy in “Cupid’s Arrows”. In the short stories which followed, Kipling, while he enlarged his canvas, always maintained complete unity of effect. In “the Brushwood Boy” he entered the realm of spirit life. In The Maltese Cat that of animal psychology; in “ With the Night mail ” he gives an imaginatively persuasive account of future communication by aviation. One theme he made peculiarly his own – that of human effort, the intensity of man’s labour, the courage of his defiance of the elements, his miraculous achievements. He was proclaimed as a writer of action. Human actions are the most powerful means to sustain great Imperia. To defend her, to increase her prosperity and to enlarge her were the main tasks for these actions that were a duty for Kipling’s understanding of world. In the stories of The Day’s Work and in Captains Courageous 1897 he wrought the neo-stoic theme of human endurance devoted his life for the highest goal- service for great Empire.

In Kipling's work, as in his life, the British Empire assumed a complex mythical or legendary function, which he passed on to his readers. In life he seems to have thought of it very much as one might have thought of the earlier Roman Empire: its purpose was to maintain stability, order, and peace amongst the heathen, to relieve famine, provide medical assistance, to abolish slavery, to construct the physical and the psychological groundwork for "civilization," and to protect the mother country. It was an island of security in a chaotic world. For white man the imperial of Empire was ‘the white man’s burden’, as he named it. His picaresque novel of India “Kim’ is generally considered his masterpiece. The book presents a vivid picture of India, its teeming populations, religions and superstitions, and the life of the bazaars and the road.

Mary Postgate is a story about the terrible consequences of the death not of human beings but of dreams. Mary is a complex character, but we may not realize how complex she really is, or how artfully Kipling has created her. She is, for example, like so many characters in Dickens's work, a distorted version of a character out of fairy tales: she is a Cinderella whose Prince will never come, a sort of Sleeping Ugly. She is a horrible modern incarnation of Keats's "Belle Dame sans merci," the beautiful woman without pity. "Vitality" is an important word in "Mary Postgate": the story is charged, with a dark sexual undercurrent. Mary's behavior is enormously complex. She allows the young German aviator to die. In the very abundance of what appear to be trivial details, Kipling displays a remarkable efficiency, a wonderful mastery of his craft: almost everything, every remark, every action, is charged with meaning. The transformation of Mary Postgate is astonishing and horrifying, and the story has exceptional power -- but its impact depends on the dramatic ironies that operate at every level in the themes and narrative. R. Kipling was in 1907 the first English writer to receive the Nobel Prize.

Joseph Conrad (1857-1924) The British short story writer and novelist Joseph Conrad was born in Russian-occupied Polish Ukraine in 1857, the son of Polish aristocrat and militant nationalist Count Apollo Korzeniowski. His father, who translated Victor Hugo and Dickens into his native tongue, was exiled by the Russians to Vologda in 1862. When the boy was seven his mother died of tuberculosis; his father lived in exile until 1869, when Czarist authorities permitted him to move south; however, after that remove, when young Conrad was just eleven, his father died. He was then adopted by his mother's uncle, the indulgent Tadeusz Bobrowski. At the age of seventeen he began a long period of adventure at sea. Not yet twenty-one, he learned English by reading the London Times, Carlyle's Sartor Resartus, and Shakespeare's plays. In 1884, Conrad became a naturalized British subject and gained his master's certificate. In the ten years that followed, he sailed between Singapore and Borneo, voyages that gave him an unrivaled background of mysterious harbors, and jungle for the tales that he would write after 1896, when he retired from the sea to settle in Ashford, Kent, with his wife, Jessie Chambers.

Conrad is now highly regarded as a novelist whose work displays a deep moral consciousness and masterful narrative technique. He became by choice a writer of English rather than French, which he considered using. Influenced by Henry James, Conrad's finest works are Nostromo (1904), Heart of Darkness (1899), and Lord Jim (1900). His early novels, including Almayer's Folly (1895), An Outcast of the Islands (1896), and The Nigger of the 'Narcissus' (1897), are full of romantic description in an atmosphere of mystery and brooding. In Tales of Unrest (1898), " Youth" and Other Tales (1902), and Twixt Land and Sea (1912) appeared such outstanding short stories as "Typhoon" and "The Shadow-Line" that describe the testing of human character under conditions of extreme danger and difficulty. Throughout his fiction Conrad is concerned with moral dilemmas, the isolation of the individual to be tested by experience, and the psychology of inner urges in both groups and individuals. His semi-autobiographical The Mirror of The Sea (1906) and Some Reminiscences (1912) (published in the States as A Personal Record) testify to his high artistic aims.

Conrad uses fiction to analyze the macrocosm (world at large) by presenting objectively and scientifically a microcosm such as a ship's crew. As a young merchant sailor Conrad had been cut off from family, friends, and country; this essential loneliness he conveys in his tales set on the sea and in exotic locales. His sense of isolation stems from the fundamental differences that existed between himself and his fellow seamen--in age, culture, language, education, and experience. However, his remoteness from the British reading public, and his consequent his lack of knowledge about what makes a popular novel, makes his stories all the more real. Conrad often maneuvers to keep the reader at a distance from the characters in order to view them objectively. Conrad deliberately in his stories postpones the crisis of a story and defeat, nullify /аннулировать/ expectation. The result is to concentrate the force of the situation in a total effect of explosive intensity. This feature of art of the short story has been adopted by the novelist, and in Conrad’s case with extraordinary success. He deals with characters of a powerful and bizarre originality, tested by strange conditions and extraordinary event. Above all, he handles scene with wonderful effect to create that significant and influential medium which we call atmosphere. The world is seen by Conrad as a place of unending contention between the forces of darkness and dissolution on the one hand and those of brotherhood, duty, and bravery on the other. Conrad divides all mankind into two types--the visionaries (who are truly 'young' no matter what their chronological age) and the cynical realists. Conrad implies that a man is already dead if he has lost his ideals and visions.

Althoughthe world has chosen to remember Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (1859-1930) chiefly for his creation of the fictional master detective, Sherlock Holmes, Conan Doyle's life, like the literary canvas he painted, was varied and highly interesting.

 

Список литературы. Михальская Н.П. История английской литературы. М., «Академия», 2007

Alexander M. A History of English Literature, Palgrave Macmillan, 2000

Thornley G.C., Roberts G. An outline of English Literature, Longman, 2002

Drabble M., Stringer J. Oxford Concise Companion to English Literature.

Carter R., MacRae J., The Penguin Guide to English Literature: Britain and Ireland.




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