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According to research, the origins of HIV date back to the late nineteenth or early twentieth century in west-central Africa. AIDS and its cause, HIV, were first identified and recognized in the early 1980s.
AIDS (Acquired Immuno-Deficiency Syndrome) is caused by a virus called HIV (Human Immuno-deficiency Virus). This can damage the body’s defense system so that it can not fight certain infections.
You get AIDS after becoming infected with HIV-virus.You get infected with the virus by unsafe sex, contact with blood of an infected person, for example, by usong a contaminated indjection needls, from mother to child during pregnancy, childbith or breastfeeding because the virus is transmitted through: blood, sperm, vaginal fluids, pre-seminal fluids, breastmilk. You don`t have the risk of becoming infected with the virus by saliva or shaking hands.
When you have HIV-virus, but aren`t symptomatic yet, you are `sero positive. This means that there are HIV antibodies in your blood. You don`t need to have any signs of disease yet.
An HIV infection passes through four stages. In the first stage, the body can show signs disease like continuous fever and swollen glands(опухлі лімфічні вузли), while some people who are infected remain asymptomatic in the first stage. In the second stage, recurring airway infections, skin, mouth and genital lesions often occur. In the third stage, you may have complains like prolonged diarrhea, excessive weight loss, tuberculosis in the lungs and other serious infections like meningitis. Finally, besides serious infections, the nervous system mau be affected in the fouth stage which can result in motor loss or AIDS related dementia.
It may take five to fifteen years before you know that you have got AIDS. This is because sometimes it takes longer for symptoms to occur. HIV and AIDS can be treated wit medication, but can`t be cured. Antiretrovirals slow down the multiplication of the virus, but doesn`t kill it. To support the treatment, AIDS patients often get medications to boost [buːst](підтримувати) the immune system and fight against infections.
You are a high-school teacher. You are planning a hiking week-end with your 10th form pupils. Talk to them about the accidents which are likely to happen in the woods or mountains. Remind them as how to give the first aid in case of drowning or bites by poisonous insects and reptiles. Tell what they must have in their medical cabinet.
Camping is a very popular form of living outdoors. It gives people the opportunity of spending their free time in nature or in the wilderness[ˈwɪldənɪs]. Camping may start by spending the night in a tent in your own back yard and end up by going on a trip that may last for several weeks.
Some campers stay in one place for days, a week or even longer. From there they visit tourist attractions, go fishing or hunting, play games and do active sports like mountain biking or just simply relax. Others prefer to tour areas and spend every night in a different place. They travel by car or motor homes.
Each year millions of people go camping. They can explore new surroundings and be close to nature at the same time. But you shouldn’t also forget about accidents that may happen in the woods or mountains. Nearly everyone has had an insect bite or sting at one time. Most bites or stings, whether from mosquitoes [məsˈkiːtəʊ], flies, bees.This can result in redness, minor swelling [ˈswelɪŋ]отек, pain, and itching [ˈɪʧɪŋ]зуд at the site of the bite or sting. I want to remind you how to give the first aid of bites by poisonous insects. So:
• If the stinger is still in the skin, remove it by gently scraping [ˈskreɪpɪŋ]осторожно очищая across the skin with a flat-edged(плоскими краями) object like a credit card.
• Wash the area with soap and water.
• Place a cold compress or an ice pack on the sting or bite for about 10 minutes to reduce pain and swelling.
• Apply an antihistamine[æntɪˈhɪstəmənz] cream, or a paste of baking soda and water to the area several times a day until itching and pain are resolved.
What they must have in their medical cabinet:
This can help to treat minor cuts, sprains and bruises, and it can reduce the risk of cuts becoming infected. It should contain the following items:
Bandages[ˈbændɪʤ],Plasters,Thermometer,Antiseptic,Eyewash solution(для промывания),Sterile [ˈsteraɪl] dressings(стерильная повязка),Medical tape(мдицинская лента),Tweezers [ˈtwiːzəz] (пинцет)
So, you have to remember that despite all the advantages of hiking, you should also take into consideration all the accidents that may happen and be extremely careful and be ready to give the first aid.
16. When the BBC asked its viewers what one thing they’d like to do before they die, many responses mentioned such extreme activities as bungee jumping [ˈbʌndʒɪˌdʒʌmpɪŋ], husky dog sledging(кататися на санях з собаками)and wing walking(хождение по крылу). Express your attitude to the extreme sports? Why do you think so many people are prepared to risk their health or even life for a portion of adrenaline/ əˈdrenəlɪn/?
The amount of sportsmen that are into some kind of extreme sport is comparatively small to the amount of other sportsmen. Not every person is ready to take risk every day. Some people are even shocked with such games as rugby or boxing. But there is one interesting thing. When you ask a person what he would like to do before he dies, the answer is very often connected to some risky event. What’s the reason for that?
Extreme sports are about exhilaration [ɪɡzɪləˈreɪʃ(ə)n], skill and danger. It acquires experience to control the risks. That control is what makes them sports and not just dangerous behavior. People who do this for life are daredevils[ˈdɛəˌdɛvl] (сміливець). Although many of us would like to try something like that at least once. Just to discover how it feels. Our everyday life usually doesn’t include any adrenaline or risk and it is normal. Very few of us could live with constant threat to our health or even life. But as we live, we get tired of routine. We understand that life goes on and there are so many things that we haven’t tried. So we decide to try and do something unusual, maybe even dangerous. It’s in the human nature – discovering the world around us, ourselves and our abilities.
My attitude towards extreme kinds of sport is positive, but only if a sportsman knows what he is doing and takes everything under control. Personally I dream about sky diving someday, but for now I only did a rope jump once. It was exciting. The adrenalin was overwhelming [ˌəʊvəˈwɛlmɪŋ](незліченний). It was probably the scariest thing I did in my life so far. But it also was the coolest. I definitely want to do it one more time.
17. The BBC is planning a series of TV programmes about 10 greatest sportsmen and women of all times. Which sports person would you nominate to be included in the series? Talk about this person’s achievements rather than his/her biography, prove that he/she must be included.
David Beckham - Rise of a Footballer
From an early age, David Beckham wanted to be a football1 player, and not just any football player - he wanted to play for Manchester United and become a leading name in the sport. By the young age of 28, he'd become one of the most well-known names around the world.
The international magazine – Icons - don’t call nobody much bigger than David Beckham.
David Beckham is free kick magician English footballer. Beckham's professional career began with Manchester United, where he made his first-team debut in 1992 aged 17.
Now he is regarded as the Most Popular Footballer in History, and also the Richest Soccer Player in the History. He has played for Manchester United, Preston North End, Real Madrid, Milan, Los Angeles Galaxy and the England national team for which he holds the appearance record for an outfield player. He became the only English player who scores in three world cups.
He was the first English player to win league titles in four countries, England, Spain, the United States and France.
There are some interesting facts about David:
• He has two middle names Robert and Joseph.
• When he went to play for Real Madrid, David had to choose a new jersey number. His old number, #7, was already taken. He chose #23 because it was Michael Jordan's number.
• He is married to pop-star Spice Girl Victoria Beckham.
• The movie Bend it Like Beckham was about a girl football player who wanted to play like David.
• His house in England is sometimes referred to as Beckingham Palace.
David Backham announced his retirement at the end of the 2012–13 season and, on 18 May 2013, played the final game of his 20-year career.
To sum up, David Beckham is a famous English footballer whose popularity extends beyond the field and into international celebrity.
20. Speak on the book you’ve read this term. Give some brief information about the author. Dwell upon the plot, main characters and express your opinion on the book
John Ronald Reuel Tolkien, CBE (/ˈtɒlkiːn/ tol-keen;[a] 3 January 1892 – 2 September 1973) was an English writer, poet, philologist, and university professor, best known as the author of the classic high fantasy works The Hobbit, The Lord of the Rings, and The Silmarillion.
Catholic theology and imagery played a part in fashioning Tolkien's creative imagination, suffused as it was by his deeply religious spirit. Tolkien acknowledged this himself:
After Tolkien's death, his son Christopher published a series of works based on his father's extensive notes and unpublished manuscripts, including The Silmarillion. These, together with The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings form a connected body of tales, poems, fictional histories, invented languages, and literary essays.
The Lord of the Rings is an epic high fantasy novel written by J. R. R. Tolkien, later fitted as a trilogy. The story began as a sequel to Tolkien's earlier fantasy book The Hobbit and soon developed into a much larger story. It was written in stages between 1937 and 1949, with much of it being written during World War II.
The book begins with a prologue, which summarizes the events of the first book,The Hobbit. It gives you the backstory of the ring and how it came to be. It tells how the creator, Sauron first came upon it. It gives the backstory of Smeagol and his friend Déagol and how they came upon the Ring after Sauron was temporarily defeated. It also explains how Bilbo Baggins found the One Ring after Smeagol who had turned to Gollum lost it. Then Bilbo returns to Bag End in The Shire and the story of Frodo Baggins, the nephew of Bilbo Baggins, begins.
The first sets the stage for the adventure and follows Frodo Baggins as he flees from his home in the Shire to escape the minions of the Dark Lord Sauron. Sauron seeks the One Ring that will allow him to control the Bearers of the nineteen other Rings and control the three major races of Middle-earth, Elves,Men, and Dwarves. The One Ring has been inherited by Frodo who finds himself unwittingly in the midst of a struggle for world domination.
The first chapter in the book begins quite lightly, following on from The Hobbitwhich is more of a whimsical children's story than The Lord of the Rings. It begins with Bilbo celebrating his 111th (or eleventy first, as it is called) birthday, on the same day that Frodo celebrates his 33rd birthday (his 'coming of age'). At the birthday party, Bilbo disappears after his speech, to the surprise of all. Frodo later learns about the ring which he had used to make himself invisible, and also about some of its darker powers.
I - A Long-expected Party - details Bilbo and Frodo's Birthday Party chapter ends with Bilbo leaving the Shire.
II - The Shadow of the Past - Gandalf tells Frodo the true nature of the ring, and how it must be taken to Mordor and destroyed. Sam, who has been listening at the window, is told to accompany Frodo.
III - Three is Company - Frodo sells Bag End, and officially is going to move to a house at Crickhollow in the area beyond Bucklebury inBuckland; he actually plans to disappear without causing too much of a fuss. Frodo, Sam and Pippin set out through the South Farthing of the Shire towards Buckland, and encounter a black rider. They also meet Gildor the wood elf, with other wood elves.
IV - A Short Cut to Mushrooms - They meet Farmer Maggot while taking a short cut, and he gives them some of his prized mushrooms. Merry joins them at the end.
V - A Conspiracy Unmasked - Takes place at Frodo's new house at Crickhollow. The title refers to Frodo about to tell Merry and Pippin about his quest, who he had previously believed not to know about it, and they tell him that they had known much of it all along. They also meet Fatty Bolger. Frodo decides to leave the next day through the Old Forest, as it is an unexpected direction, rather than travelling on the roads.
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