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Лексический минимум к тексту А

fall, absorption, evaporation, harrow, mellow, residue, to roll, tillage, temperature, wet, loss, to maintain, to kill, to destroy, to insure (ensure), to allow, to occur, common, quite, rapid, while.

АУДИТОРНАЯ РАБОТА

VI. Выборочная проверка упражнений из задания на дом № 1.

VII. Переведите следующие предложения. Обратите внима­ние па разницу в переводе определений, выраженных причастным оборотом и инфинитивом (устно):

1.The soil to be used as a seedbed should be warm, moist and mellow. 2. The soil cultivated when it is too wet will no4 provide conditions for normal plant growth. 3. Seed planted deep enough will have a sufficient supply of moisture and nutrients. 4. Developing a new variety to be cultivated in a given area one should know its soil and climatic requirements. 5. We were given the seed to be used for sowing. 6. The seedbed prepared in spring is to provide the proper environment for seed germination. 7. Fertilizers to be applied must be of highest quality. 8. The yield of root crops produced last year was rather low. 9. The yields to be obtained on our farm greatly depend on soil condition. 10. The increase in corn yield to be produced greatly depends on

the amount and quality of fertilizers and manure added to the soil.

VIII. Выделите слова и группы слов, служащие определением к существительному (причастные обороты, инфинитив, определительные предложения). Переведите предложения (устно):

1. The seedbed we prepare for sowing this crop must provide optimum conditions for plant development. 2. Before planting the farmer has prepared a seedbed insuring opti­mum conditions for seed germination. 3. The soil to be used as a seedbed should not be too finely pulverized. 4. The soil that is too wet will not provide proper germination. 5. The seedbed used for growing forage grasses must be firm enough: 6. The amount of seed to be sown per hectare should be well known. 7. The fertilizers applied produced good effect on the growth of the plants. 8. The period the jl potato tubers form and develop should be cool enough.

IX. Определите, какой частью речи является выделенное слово. Переведите предложения (устно):

1. One must water the flowers regulary. 2. Water is required by all plants. 3. There exist some water plants which grow in water. 4. The practice of minimum tillage often produces good results. 5. Such practice results in much higher yields. 6. Every farmer knows that he must plant seeds in a well prepared seedbed. 7. This plant requires a long frost-free period. 8. We use this method for increasing food production. 9. The use of legumes for food is well known. 10. Our aim is to increase yields of the main crops. 11. This crop yields better when fertilizers are applied.

роль чтения и перевода текста А.

Задание на дом № 2

XI. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на: due, due
to, to be due to.

1. This soil has been improved due to the growing of legumes. 2. The seedbed should be prepared at the due time. 3. The increase in yield was due to the proper management of the soil. 4. Seed should be sown at the due depth. 5. Losses of nutrients from the soil may be due to different factors. 6. Due to mechanization the work on the farm has become much more effective.

XII. Найдите в тексте существительные, соответствующие
следующим глаголам и прилагательным:

to yield, to plant, enviromental, to grow, to absorb, to harrow, to prepare, important, moist, to germinate, to loss.

XIII. Переведите на русский язык (письменно):

а) 1. Хорошая пашня так же важна для получения высоких урожаев, как и хорошие семена. 2. Семена нужно сажать на соответствующую глубину. 3. Культивация почвы сохраняет ее структуру и уменьшает потери влаги-
вследствие испарения. 4. Первые операции по обработке почвы производятся либо осенью, либо ранней весной. 5. Для сохранения почвенной влаги посадка должна следовать сразу за подготовкой пашни. 6. Если климатические условия неблагоприятные, хорошая пашня не обеспечит высоких урожаев.

б) 1. Хорошо приготовленная пашня имеет очень большое значение для получения хороших всходов. 2. Хорошая пашня обеспечивает влагу, которая необходима для быстрого прорастания. 3. Обработка почвы перед посевом позволяет сохранить почвенную структуру и
уменьшить потери воды вследствие испарения. 4. Первая
операция по подготовке пашни — это заделка в почву

растительных остатков. 5. Иногда культивация должна быть достаточно глубокой, чтобы уничтожить сорняки. 6. При выращивании кормовых трав почва обычно при­катывается для получения плотной пашни. 7. Чтобы со­хранить влагу, сразу за подготовкой пашни должна сле­довать посадка. 8. Если мало кислорода и температура воздуха слишком низкая, семена не будут нормально прорастать даже на хорошей пашне.

XIV. Выполните лабораторную работу № 2.

АУДИТОРНАЯ РАБОТА

XV. Проверка домашнего задания.

XVI. Найдите в русских предложениях эквиваленты английских слов и сочетаний:

due, due to, to be due to, to vary with, until, unless, to provide, provided, both, both... and.

1. Мы обеспечили все необходимые условия для нор­мального развития сеянцев.

2. Если растения не получают достаточного количества необходимых питательных веществ, они не могут хо­рошо развиваться.

3. Способ улучшения сортов картофеля, который мы выберем, зависит от конкретных условий.

4. Нельзя начинать посев до тех пор, пока почва не про­греется.

5. Оба наши комбайна нуждаются в ремонте.

6. Все операции были проведены в должной последова­тельности.

7. Если такая сухая погода продержится долго, урожай может пострадать.

8.Большие потери зерна объясняются сильным полега­нием.

9. Структура почвы несколько улучшилась благодаря правильной обработке.

10. Для получения хороших всходов необходима как хо­рошо подготовленная пашня, так и высококачествен­ный посевной материал.

XVII. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту А.

1. Why is good seedbed necessary?

2. Is moisture required by germinating seeds?

3. What is cultivation done for?

4. Why is it recommended to cultivate the soil early in the season?

5. What should be done to conserve moisture?

6. Is a good seedbed the only factor providing proper germination of seed?

XVIИ Перечислите (по-английски) все известные вам опера­ции по обработке почвы.

XIX. Прочтите текст В, не пользуясь словарем. Определите значение выделенных слов по контексту и по их сходству с соответствующими словами в русском языке.

Text В

TILLAGE

After seedbed preparation and the planting of the crop, the young plants start to grow in a few days. When row crops such as corn, soybeans, and cotton are grown, farmers have to cultivate to control weeds. Cultivation includes some tillage operations. One of the purposes of tillage is to maintain good soil tilth, that is the physical condition of the soil providing normal plant growth. A soil with a good tilth will be mellow, friable and easily worked.

These conditions are necessary for the roots to absorb nutrients, water and air needed for plant development.

Tillage at the due time and with the proper machines will produce desirable soil tilth. However, too much tillage in preparing the seedbed or cultivating crops may⁴ be undesirable.

Nowadays the traditional tillage practice is increasingly replaced by minimum tillage, its main advantages being better soil protection from erosion and lower soil com paction. Under minimum tillage the crop yield is usually as good as under traditional cultivation, while the number of operations is reduced. Farm equipment used now can prepare the soil, apply fertilizers, and plant the seed in one operation.

Vegetable and small fruits can sometimes be grown with no tillage after planting the crop, weeds being controlled with herbicides. Yields of potatoes, carrots and some other crops grown under such system are sometimes even higher than yields when cultivation is practised.

XX. а) Найдите в тексте В объяснение понятия «soil tilth»;

б) назовите (по русски) основные преимущества приема минимальной обработки почвы.

XXI. Исходя из содержания текста В, закончите следующие предложения.

1. When no tillage is practised, weeds are...

2. Under traditional cultivation yieds may be as high as under....

3. Minimum tillage better protects the soil from....

LESSON 11

ГРАММАТИКА И ЛЕКСИКА: 1. Функции инфинитива

(повторение).

2. No как определение.

3. Союз whether.

Задание на дом № 1

I. Проработайте в разделе «Грамматика и словообразование» §§ 12, 13, 14, 18.

II. В следующих предложениях определите, какую функцию выполняет инфинитив. Переведите предложения (устно).

1. The aim of our work is to prepare a sufficienty fine seedbed. 2. We spoke about new winterhardy crop varieties to be developed for northern regions. 3. To prepare a good seedbed we must use both disc and harrow on this soil. 4. To have sufficient amount of hay and silage we must grow forage crops on rather big areas. 5. Crops grown in this region should be frost-resistant in order to be able to withstand adverse effects of cold and windy weather. 6. As the weather was very hot and dry, the farmers had to irrigate the crop area. 7. For grasses to germinate more rapidly farmers have to add some manure to the soil. 8. This soil being low in organic matter, a lot of barnyard manure is to be applied. 9. The soils of our region are too acid to produce good stands of alfalfa. 10. Fertilizers to be applied should contain required amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. II. We do not grow enough forage crops on our farm to feed our livestock properly.

III. Найдите в тексте A:

1) все глаголы, имеющие значение долженствования (3-й абз.);

2) инфинитив в функции подлежащего (5-й абз.);

3) инфинитив в функции определения (5-й абз.);

4) независимый причастный оборот (предпоследний абз.).

IV. Сгруппируйте следующие слова по частям речи, обращая
внимание на суффикс:

fulfilment, clearly, wider, harvester, sandy, principal, realize, reproductive, bulky, famous, supplier, helpless, manager, unavailable, cultivator, usefulness, picture, association, darkness, difference, probability, originate, remarkable, physisist, composition, insufficient.

V. Переведите текст А (устно).

Text A

CULTURAL PRACTICES

There are many ways in which the yield can be affected by management of a crop.

No crop will grow! well unless it gets a good start in a suitable seedbed. The seedbed must be either fine or coarse, it must have fine soil at the depth where the seed is to be sown, and it should be moist. Different crops require different seedbed.

Sowing a crop must be done properly. The seed is to be drilled in at the right depth, depending on the size of the seed and the season. Generally the smaller the seed the closer it has to be sown to the surface. The time of sowing the crop depends on the length of the growing season and of the variety chosen, as well as on the moisture conditions. The sowing rate must be lower in dry areas with no rain for long periods. In such areas plants compete strongly for soil water, and irrigation should be done to obtain higher yields. The soil being rich nutrients, the rate of sowing may be increased. This factor is of great importance, for too thick or too thin sowing will lower grain production.

Proper cultivation of a crop is often essential if the highest yield is to be obtained, and the main reason of cultivation is to kill weeds when they are young.

To harvest a crop at a proper time is also one of the conditions greatly affecting the crop production. However, before fixing the time for harvesting we should know, whether the crop is to be used for hay or for silage. Crops to be harvested for silage must be cut when they are bulky and still succulent. Crops used for hay are usually cut before they set seed. As to grain crops, they should not be harvested until the grain is mature, and hot dry weather is usually the best for grain harvests.

Mechanical harvesting helps the farmers to harvest field crops while they are in peak condition, more timely harvest reducing the risk of bad weather causing a loss in quantity and quality. For modern harvesting equipment to be of greater effect, crop varieties better adapted to mechanical harvesting have been developed. They are more uniform in height and ripen more evenly. Also crops with shorter growing season are being developed. Some grain varieties do not shatter easily as they are cut with modern harvesters.

The problem of chosing proper soil management practices is highly essential-as it not only affects the yield, but also maintains high fertility level, prevents soil erosion, and improves soil structure.

Пояснения к тексту

1) no crop will grow — никакая культура не будет расти.

Лексический минимум к тексту А

to drill, dry, equipment, to cut (cut, cut), management, to ripen, silage, to shatter, hot, thick sowing, thin sowing, to cause, to compete, close, to get (got, got), to prevent, suitable, no, weather, whether.

АУДИТОРНАЯ РАБОТА

VI. Выборочная проверка упражнений из задания на дом № 1.

VII. Назовите номера предложений, при переводе которых перед инфинитивом нужно употребить:

а) чтобы, б) который.

1. Small seeds are to be sown close to the soil surface. 2. To increase yields in dry areas with long rainless periods irrigation is to be used. 3. Crops to be harvested mechanically should be uniform in height. 4. Proper soil management practices should be applied to maintain soil.fertility and prevent erosion. 5. To get a good start in a proper seedbed is of great importance for the plant to develop normaly. 6. The sowing rate to be followed varies with soil and climatic conditions of the area. 7. Our aim is to develop new varieties better adapted to dry conditions. 8. The weather is too bad to begin harvesting. 9. We have to delay harvesting these crops because of the grain being still immature. 10. Crops to be used for hay are to be cut before they set seed. 11. The main reason of some tillage operations is to kill weeds. 12. In order to harvest all the field crops at the due time we must use modern harvesting equipment.

VIII. Переведите следующие группы слов (устно):

1) the crop is to be harvested…; 2) the crop to be harvested…; 3) the crop is harvested…; 4) the crop harvested last week… 5) the crop has been harvested...; 6) the crop has to be harvested.

IX. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на союз
whether.

1. Before using harvesters we must find out whether the crops to be cut are adapted to mechanical harvesting. 2. Choosing the time for harvesting, one should know whether

the crop is grown for silage or for hay. 3. It cannot be said now whether the weather tomorrow will be suitable for working in the field. 4. We should ask the agronomist whether the new method is as effective as the old one.

X. Переведите следующие сочетания слов:

weather conditions; soil management practices; grain crop varieties; high soil fertility; higher soil fertility; the highest soil fertility; more fertilizers; much more fertilizers: less fertilizers; more useful practice; the most useful practice.

XI. Найдите место в тексте А, где говорится о примущствах механизированной уборки.

XII. Контроль чтения и перевода текста А.