Читайте также:
|
1. In a sentence, the gerund can occur
1) singly, i.e. without accompanying words, e.g.
· Overeating is out of the question.
2) in gerundial phrases, i.e. when a gerund has one or several dependent words (an object, attribute or adverbial modifier), e.g.
· Mary tried to calm the child by (her) telling (gerund) him a story (objects).
· There is no mistake about his (nominal element, pronoun) graduating (verbal element, gerund).
2. Gerundial phrases consist of the following optional and compulsory elements:
| (preposition) + (nominal element) + gerund + elements depending on the gerund |
e.g. I remember Mary’s performing at the concert. = Я помню, как Мэри выступала на концерте. / Я пам'ятаю, як Мери виступала на концерті.
· Mary’s – a nominal element
· performing – a gerund
· at the concert – elements depending on the gerund
3. The nominal element can be expresses by:
a) a noun in the common case, e.g.
· I remember the weather being extremely fine that summer. = Я помню, что в то лето погода была удивительно хороша. / Я пам'ятаю, що в те літо погода була на диво гарною.
· I remember Peter telling me this joke. = Я помню, как Питер рассказывал мне эту шутку. / Я пам'ятаю, як Пітер розповідав мені цей жарт.
b) a noun in the possessive case, e.g.
· Dana enjoyed John’s playing the piano. = Дана получала удовольствие от игры Джона на фортепьяно. / Дана була захоплена грою Джона на фортепіано.
· We discussed the machine's being broken. = Мы обсуждали поломку машины. / Ми обговорювали поломку машини.
c) a possessive pronoun, e.g.
· We all appreciate your helping us. = Мы все благодарны за вашу помощь. / Ми всі вдячні за вашу допомогу.
· She understood his saying no to the offer. – Она поняла, почему он отказался от этого предложения / Вона зрозуміла, чому він вімовився від цієї пропозиції.
d) apronoun in the objective case, e.g.
· Imagine him talking to her like that! = Представь, что он разговаривает с ней таким образом! / Уяви, що він розмовляє з нею в такий спосіб!
Note 1: There is a slight difference between using
1) a noun in the common case or apronoun in the objective case
2) a noun in the possessive case or a possessive pronoun.
The former emphasizes the process, while the latter highlights the doer of this action;, compare:
| Noun in the common case / pronoun in the objective case: emphasis on the doer of the action | Noun in the possessive case / possessive pronoun: emphasis on the process |
| · Dana enjoyed John playing the piano. – (It was John who Dana liked.) · We all appreciate you helping us. – (It was getting help from you that is important.) | · Dana enjoyed John’s playing the piano. – (It was mostly the process of playing that Dana enjoyed.) · We all appreciate your helping us. – (It was the help that was important.) |
Note 2: a gerundialphrase can beformed without the initial nominal element, but then it loses its predicative character and emphasizes the process expressed by the gerund rather than the doer of the action expressed by the nominal element, compare
· Mary complained about having no spare time whatsoever. (gerundial phrase without the initial nominal element; the focus is on the process of having no time)
· Mary complained about her having no spare time whatsoever. (gerundial phrase with the initial nominal element; the focus is on the doer of the action, her [Mary])
Note 2 The nominal element can also be expressed by pronouns without case distinctions:
| all this that both each something |
e.g.
· Michael was aware of something new stirring in his heart.
· I insist on all of them coming on time.
Note 3: Do not confuse gerundial phrases and Complex Object with Participle I. Remember that both the gerundial phrase and complex object depend on the verbs after which they are used. Compare:
| Gerundial Phrase | Complex Object with Participle I |
| Kate remembered the cat falling from the tree. (remembered – a verb followed by a gerundial phrase: the cat – the nominal element; falling – the gerund) | Kate saw the cat falling from the tree. (saw – a verb of sense perception followed by a complex object: the cat – the nominal element; falling – participle I;) |
4. Gerundial phrases are usually translated into Russian / Ukrainian by a clause starting with того, что; то, что; тем, что; как, etc.
e,g,
· His being a foreigner was bad enough. = То, что он был иностранцем, уже было плохо. / Те, що він був іноземцем, вже було погано.
Дата добавления: 2015-04-12; просмотров: 207 | Поможем написать вашу работу | Нарушение авторских прав |