Главная страница | Контакты | Случайная страница Автомобили Астрономия Биология География Дом и сад Другие языки Другое Информатика История Культура Литература Логика Математика Медицина Металлургия Механика Образование Охрана труда Педагогика Политика Право Психология Религия Риторика Социология Спорт Строительство Технология Туризм Физика Философия Финансы Химия Черчение Экология Экономика Электроника

Semantic groupings

Synonymy Synonyms—w-s similar in general m-g but different in the shade of m-g, phonetical shape, connotation & collocation. They m.b. based on the common denotational component. Their stylistic reference & emotive charge m.b. different.

Classification of synonyms

I Absolute syn-s are very rare—coincide in their shades of meaning & in all their stylistic characteristics:

языкознание – языковедение semasiology – semantics fatherland – homeland spirant – fricative (in phonetics) functional affix – flexion - inflection

II Ideographic syn-s express the same idea but aren’t fully identical in their referential content:

loving – affectionate – devoted – fond

loving, devoted are used in the positive evaluation

affectionate, fond — neutral

loving describes the inner emotional state;

affectionate —a tender feeling, ~ m. b. displayed in caressing & other manifestations;

devoted manifests one’s faithfulness, readiness to spend time & effort to do smth.; sometimes it c.b. used in mockery;

III Stylistic syn-s —w-s denoting the same thing, having the same denotational component, but different in style:

Visage – face – muzzle – snout (рыло) –mug (lower than snout).

We m. use different w-s to express our attitude. A w-d m. possess both an additional implication & stylistic difference: To eat – to partake – to peck – to wolf — denotes “to take food”

to eat has a general meaning;

to partake means to take food in company with others — a literary w-d;

to peck suggests to take food in small quantities bit by bit —a colloquial w-d;

to wolf implies to eat greedily & voraciously — a vulgar w-d.

Among ideographic syn-s we distinguish:

1) very close in meaning: answer – reply;

2) differ in meaning considerably:

a) differ in the degree of a given quality: to look – to glance – to gaze – to stare – to peep; to want – to desire – to long for;

b) differ in the volume of concept: malady – illness – disease; journey – voyage – trip – travel.

One of the w-s in the synonymic group m. possess the m-gs of other members & it m.b. called a synonymic dominant — a w-d, ~ expresses the notion common to all syn-s in the most general way, & both stylistically & emotionally neutral, can stand for each member of the synonymic group.

Function of synonyms

~ to avoid repetition of one & the same w;

~ to express the idea more clearly, to precise the m-g;

~ expressive stylistic function

Homonymy Homonyms—identical in sound & spelling, or at least, in one of these aspects, but different in their m-g.

Groups of synonyms & antonyms are created by the vocabulary system with a particular purpose, whereas homonyms are accidental creations, therefore — purposeless.

The most widely accepted classification is that recognizing homonyms proper, homophones & homographs.

Hom-s proper — w-s identical in pronunciation & spelling:

fast — noun прост; fast — adj. quick

date — дата, date — финик, финиковая пальма

band — отряд, группа людей; оркестр, band — тесьма, лента, обруч, поясок

homophones — w-s of the same sound but of different spelling & meaning:

been & bean, I & eye, night & knight, air & heir (ч-л. второстепенное),

him & hymn, not & knot, rain & reign, bye – buy – by, write – rite – right,

isle & I’ll, deer & dear.

homographs — the same in spelling but different in sound:

to bow [bau] — поклониться-bow [bəu] — лук row [rəu] & row [rau]

lower [ləuə] & lower [lauə] (смотреть угрюмо, хмуриться) wind [i] & wind [waind]

A.I.Smirnitsky—classification: 2 large classes: 1) full hom-s & 2) partial hom-s.

Antonyms ~ w-s of the same category of speech which have contrasting m-gs: tall ≠ short, dead ≠ alive, over ≠ under.

A polysemantic w-d may have an ant-m (or several ant-s) for each of its m-gs:

~ According to their structural characteristics ant-s m.b. ↔ into:

a) derivational ant-s: known ≠ unknown, appear ≠ disappear, happiness ≠ unhappiness, useful ≠ useless (negative prefixes: dis-, il-/im-/ in-/ ir-, un);

b) absolute ant-s: slow ≠ fast, old ≠ young, love ≠ hate;

c) mixed ant-s: correct ≠ incorrect, wrong, kind ≠ unkind, wicked.

~ According to their meaning ant-s m.b. ↔ into:

a) contrary ant-s—w-s, referring to contrary notions, present extreme members of a regulated multitude & express contrary contrast(X—(≠)isn’t X, isn’t Y(≠)—Y): young—not young / not old “немолодой” / “нестарый”—old “старый”): big ≠ small, high ≠ low;

When a contrary ant-m negates some quality, it doesn’t imply the contrary quality. E.g.: Our house is not big. It doesn’t mean: Our house is small. This characteristic differs contrary ant-s from contradictory.

b) contradictory ant-s—w-s refer to contradictory notions (X—isn’t X); they have no the middle, intermediate link(звено): married ≠ single,

true ≠ false, agree ≠ disagree;

The negation of one member of the pair implies the assertion (утверждение) of the other, & the assertion of one member of the pair implies the negation of the other, i.e. they’re (incompatible) взаимоисключающие w-s.

c) conversional ant-s—w-s, denoting the same situation, appear as different names of one & the same action, relation: to buy ≠ to sell, to give ≠ to receive, husband ≠ wife, parent ≠ child, doctor ≠ patient;

d) векторно разнонаправленные ant-s—w-s expressing the contrast of differently directed actions, qualities etc.: summer ≠ winter, East ≠ West, know ≠ forget, to arrive ≠ to depart.