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Case-lawlaw as settled by precedent (or earlier cases); law established by precedent or judicial decision: Common law systems are based largely on case law.

Precedent n. an act, decision or case that may serve as an example; earlier happening decision, etc., taken as an example or rule for what comes later: set (create) a precedent (for smth.); Is there a precedent for what you want me to do?

Syn. previous example, criterion, model, standard

Legislative adj. lawmaking; having the function of making laws: legislative reforms; legislative acts; legislative initiative.

Syn. law-making, judicial, law-giving, parliamentary

legislator n. member of a law-making body.

legislature n. law-making body (e.g. Parliament in Great Britain).

legal adj. 1. connected with, in accordance with, authorized or required by, the law: legal affairs, my legal adviser; to take legal action; free legal aid. 2. permitted by law; 3. of or established by law.

Syn. lawful, legitimate, licit, rightful, judicial Ant. criminal, illegal, illicit

Legally adv.

legality n. the state of being legal: the legality of an act.

Syn. lawfulness, legitimacy, validity

Legalize v. make legal: to legalize the sale of alcoholic drinks.

Syn. permit, allow, approve, legitimate

EXERCISES

Exercise 1. Consult a dictionary and transcribe the following words.

century apply reject guarantee

codify foundation error feature

decision judge legislative right

court precedent legal liberty

Exercise 2. Find in the text international words and translate them.

Exercise 3. Study the Vocabulary Notes and translate them into Ukrainian.

Exercise 4. Select the word or word combination best suited to the context. Use the Reference List.

Reference List

Legal precedents codified

Prevail reject reduce

Case law court decision legislators

Cases legislation legislative

Court century code

1. Democracies, however, have developed four main methods of changing the law: 1) by administrative action, 2) by …, 3) by …, 4) by direct action of the people.

2. … may change laws as well as make them.

3. Judges in common law countries change many laws by expending or overruling ….

4. In most countries with a written constitution, some form of … action is required to amend the constitution.

5. Louisiana and Quebec were colonized by France, rather than England, and their … systems are patterned after the French civil-law system.

6. … is still important in common-law countries.

7. The … sentenced the great Athenian philosopher and teacher Socrates to death in 399 B.C.

8. Under Napoleon the civil law was ….

9. In common law systems, the law is found not only in government statutes, but also in the historical records of ….