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THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

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  4. Check your auditory memory by giving the English equivalents for the following Russian sentences.
  5. Copy out the sentences with the active words and word-combinations from the chapters. Translate them into Russian.
  6. Define the following terms with their similar meaning in Russian.
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  9. Ex 17 Fill in the blanks with a suitable word. Use the correct form. Translate the sentences into Russian.
  10. Ex 18 Fill in the blanks with a suitable word. Use the correct form. Translate the sentences into Russian.

Russia is one of the largest countries in the world. The vast territory of Russia is located in the Eastern part of Europe and in the Northern part of Asia. Its total area is over 17 million sq. km. Russia is washed by 12 seas of 3 oceans. In the north the country is surrounded by the Arctic Ocean and its seas: the Barents, Chukchee, East Siberian, Kara, Laptev and White Sea; in the east by the Bering, Japan and Okhotsk Sea; in the south by the Black, Azov and Caspian Sea; in the west by the Baltic Sea.

Russia has borders on 14 countries. In the west it borders on Norway, Finland, the Ukraine and Belorussia; in the south on the Caucasian States, the States of Central Asia, Mongolia and China.

The relief of Russia varies a lot from forests to deserts, from high-peaked mountains to deep valleys. Russia is located on 2 plains: the Great Russian Plain and the West Siberian Lowland.

There are 3 main mountain chains in Russia. The longest mountain chain Urals separates Europe from Asia. The Caucasus is a range of mountains which extends from the Black Sea to the Caspian Sea. The highest mountain in Caucasus, in the RF and in whole Europe is Mount Elbrus.

Russia is a land of long rivers and deep lakes. There are more than two million rivers in Russia. The longest rivers are the Volga in Europe; the Ob, the Yenisei and the Lena in Asia. Numerous chanals join all the rivers in the European part of Russia, making it the largest inland water transportation route in Europe. The largest lakes are Ladoga, Onega and Baikal Sea. Baikal is the deepest lake in the world.

Russia has one-sixth of the world's forests. They are concentrated in the European north of the country, in Siberia and in the Far East.

On the vast territory of the country there are various types of climate, from arctic in the north to subtropical in the south. In the middle of the country the climate is temperate and continental. Corresponding the climate there are six vegetation zones stretching across the country. From North to the South these are the tundra, the taiga (or pine forest), mixed forest, steppe, semi-desert and desert. Each vegetation has its own flora, fauna and natural resources.

Russia is an industrial country. It has rich deposits of oil, coal, natural gas, iron, gold, nickel, etc. The history of Russian industry goes back to the middle of the 17th century. The development of new industries and crafts – metal working, textiles, brick making and china manufacture – was encouraged under Peter the Great. During the reign of Catherina the Great the Urals became the focus for iron industry, and Russia became the world’s largest iron producer. By 1903 Russia had been the world’s largest oil producer. Before the Revolution Russia was one of the world’s largest grain producers and exporters. But lately it became one of its biggest importers as a result of collectivization and mismanagement of agriculture.

At present the political and economic situations in the country is rather complicated. Many branches of industry and agriculture went through crisis. The crises of political power told upon science, education, culture, medical service. Until its industry can be modernized, Russia will remain dependent on the energy sector. In spite of the problems Russia is facing, there are a lot of opportunities for the country to become one of the leading countries in the world.

Russia is a federative republic and a multinational state with some autonomous republics and regions which have own national languages within their structure. The population is about 146 million people. Over 80 per cent of them are ethnic Russians. 70 per cent of the population lives in the cities. The national language is Russian.

The Russian Federation is set up by the Constitution of 1993 after the collapse of the Soviet Union. According to the Constitution Russia is a Presidential Republic. The President is elected for 4 years and is the head of the State. He makes treaties, enforces laws and appoints ministers.

The Federal Government consists of three branches: legislative, executive and judicial. Each of them is checked and balanced by the President.

The legislative power is represented by the Federal Assembly. It consists of the two chambers. The Upper Chamber is the Council of Federation. The Lower Chamber is the State Duma. Each Chamber is headed by the Speaker. The members of the Federal Assembly are elected by popular vote for a 4-year period.

The executive power belongs to the Government which is headed by the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister forms his Cabinet.

The judicial branch is represented by the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court and regional courts.

Moscow is the capital of Russia and the seat of the Government.

The State symbol of Russia is a three-colored banner with three horizontal stripes: white, blue and red. The white stripe symbolizes the earth, the blue one - the sky and the red one symbolizes liberty. A new National Emblem is a 2-headed eagle. It originates from the heraldic emblem of the Ruricovitches. All these symbols are official. They have been approved by the Federal Assembly.

The hymn of Russia is The Patriotic Song by Mikhail Glinka.

 




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THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE | OUR ACADEMY | III. Answer the following questions | BRYANSK AND THE BRYANSK REGION | GREAT BRITAIN | III. Answer the following questions | AGRICULTURE | ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION | II. Read, write down the words and memorize them | PREFACE |


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