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A1 Translate from English into Russian.
Advances in information technology reinforce the economic and social changes that are transforming business and society. A new kind of economy – the information economy – is emerging where trade and investment are global and firms compete with knowledge, networking and agility on a global basis. A corresponding new society is also emerging with pervasive information capabilities that make it substantially different from an industrial society: more competitive, more democratic, less centralized, less stable, better able to address individual needs, and friendlier to the environment. These changes dictate, for all countries, a major adjustment to harnessinformation for economic and social development. This adjustment requires urgent new policies, regulatory and institutional reforms, and investments. Through this adjustment, countries must achieve macro-economics balance, political stability, and growth amidst global information flows, competition, trade and investment. Advanced countries are rapidly adjusting. Developing countries in Africa must also adjust or risk exclusion from the global economy and severe competitive disadvantage for their goods and services. Fortunately, the information revolution creates both the challenge and the means for countries to adjust to new ways of doing business and to put in place the needed infrastructure of telecommunication and information systems. The information revolution also creates extraordinary new opportunities to attack vexing неприятный, раздражающий, досаждающий problems of poverty, inequality, and environmental degradation.
A2 By placing the necessary information online in an accessible format, electronic commerce merchants greatly increase the efficiency of the sales process. As a result, even when customers complete a transaction in a traditional way (off-line), over the phone or in a showroom, they frequently arrive knowing which product they want and ready to buy. This can improve the productivity of sales people by a factor of ten (although in some cases it simply shifts the costs to consumers).
The electronic interface allows e-commerce merchants to check that an order is internally consistent and that the order, receipt, and invoice match. While this simple process may seem trivial, both General Electric (GE) and Cisco report that one-quarter of their orders (1.25 million in the case of GE) had to be reworked because of errors. E-commerce has reduced Cisco’s error rate to 2 per cent.
In what are increasingly knowledge-based economies dominated by sophisticated products, customer service and after-sales service are a major cost for many firms, accounting for more than 10 per cent of operating costs. Through electronic commerce, firms are able to move much of this support online so that customers can access databases or “smart” manuals directly; this significantly cuts costs while generally improving the quality of service.
Internet-based e-commerce procedures now make it possible to apply EDI-type systems to relatively small purchases, thereby drastically reducing errors, ensuring compliance with organizational norms, and speeding the process. Estimates of the savings gained range from 10 to 50 per cent, although in many cases the time reductions are as important as the monetary savings: firms report cutting the time needed to process purchase orders by 50 to 96 per cent.
B. Translate from Russian into English
Современные информационные технологии с их стремительно растущим потенциалом и быстро снижающимися издержками открывают большие возможности для новых форм организации труда и занятости в рамках как отдельных корпораций, так и общества в целом. Спектр таких возможностей значительно расширяется - нововведения воздействуют на все сферы жизни людей, семью, образование, работу, географические границы человеческих общностей и т. д. Сегодня информационные технологии могут внести решающий вклад в укрепление взаимосвязи между ростом производительности труда, объемов производства, инвестиций и занятости. Новые виды услуг, распространяющиеся по сетям, в состоянии создать немало рабочих мест, что подтверждает практика последних лет.
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