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SIGHTS OF MOSCOW

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The first written record of Moscow dates back to 1147, to the reign of Great Prince Yuri of Kiev, Vladimir Monomakh’s son. He was nicknamed Dolgoruky (long-armed) for his unification policy. Yuri Dolgoruky is considered to be the founder of Moscow and in commemoration of this an equestrian statue by the sculptor S. V. Orlov was erected in Tverskaya Street.

The history of the Moscow Kremlin goes back to olden times. Since time immemorial the Moscow Kremlin has been the centre of Russian statehood, the residence of Russian tsars and hierarchs of the Russian Orthodox Church.

Under Dmitry Donskoy in 1367-1368, the white-stone walls and towers of the Kremlin were erected and Moscow began to be called white-stone. Later the first brick buildings appeared there and it largely acquired its present appearance and dimensions.

Among ancient buildings in the Kremlin there are churches (the Dormition Cathedral, the Archangel Cathedral, the Annunciation Cathedral)and the Bell Tower of Ivan the Great, built in 1600 by Russian architects under Boris Godunov.

At the foot of the Ivan the Great Bell Tower on a granite base is the world’s largest bell, the 210ton Tsar Bell. It was cast in the Kremlin by the foundry man Ivan Motorin and his son Mikhail in 1733-35.

The Tsar Cannon is an interesting specimen of sixteenth-century foundry work. It was cast of bronze in 1586 by the Russian master Andrei Shchokhov. It weighs nearly 40tons.

The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier commemorates the soldiers of the Soviet Army who perished at the front during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-45. The memorial was erected under the supervision of architects D. Budrin, V. Klimov and Yu.Rabayev. The sculptor was V. Tomsky. On the black granite slab burns the eternal flame of glory. The inscription reads: Your name is unknown but your deed is eternal.

The Armoury Chamber, a treasure-house, is a part of the Grand Kremlin Palace’s complex. It is situated in the building constructed in 1851 by architect Konstantin Ton. The museum collections were based on the precious items that had been preserved for centuries in the tsars’ treasury and the Patriarch’s vestry.

The Armoury, Diamond Fund, is the oldest museum in Russia housing the richest collection of decorative and applied art of Russia, European and Eastern countries of the 4th-early 20th centuries. It also has the collection of ancient weaponry, fabrics, cookware, furniture, jewelry, carriages, gold and platinum nuggets, precious stones, including one of the largest diamonds in the world.

Red Square, with an average length of 400m and average breadth of 150m, is the central square not only of Moscow but of the whole Russia. Since the time of Ivan III (15th century), this has been the scene of great public events, mainly political – rallies, demonstrations and processions. In earlier times Red Square was also a place of execution. Its name, however, does not come from the blood. In Old Slavonic Krasny (red) also meant beautiful, since red was regarded as a particular beautiful colour. The translation Red Square ( instead of Beautiful Square) which is now universally used became established only in the 20th century.Russian people say: “Red Square is the heart of Moscow”.

Many would think that St.Basil’s Cathedral alone would justify a visit to Moscow. This extraordinary building – the supreme achievement of 16th century architecture in Moscow – is now a branch of the State Historical Museum. With its ground-plan in the form of an eight-pointed star, its nine churches and its bizarre domes, its vivid colours and its heterogeneous assortment of architectural elements, the church was originally built by Ivan the Terrible in 1555-61. It was called the Cathedral of the Intercession of the Virgin to commemorate the capture of Kazan, capital of the khanate of Kazan, on the festival of the Intercession of the Virgin in 1552. The architects of the cathedral were Postnik and Barma.

The Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts is Moscow’s equivalent to St.Petersburg’s enormous Hermitage Museum, and boasts an impressive collection ranging from Roman antiquities to canvasses by Gauguin. This museum was established in 1912 by the father of the famous Russian poet Marina Tsvetayeva, who was well renowned in Moscow as a Professor of Art History at Moscow State University. The museum houses an extensive collection of ancient art and artifacts, including Egyptian, Assyrian, Ancient Greek and Roman pieces, West European art from the Middle Ages through the mid-20th century. It also has the largest collection of French impressionist works in Russia.

The Tretyakov Gallery houses one of the most celebrated and extensive collections of Russian art and artifacts in the world. The gallery was named after the financier and entrepreneur Pavel Tretyakov (1832-98), who donated approximately 2,000 works of Russian art from his own private collection to the city of Moscow at the end of the 19th century. Along with his paintings, Tretyakov also generously donated his own house and surrounding buildings, which became the original premises of the gallery. The buildings were designed by the famous Russian artist Viktor Vasnetsov.

Now the Tretyakov Gallery is a major museum housing a collection of Russian art that traces the development of Russian culture from the 11th through the early 20th century. A visit to the Tretyakov Gallery is a definite must for anyone interested in Russian art and culture.

Among the most famous museums of Moscow you can visit the Central Museum of Armed Forces, the Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics, the State Historical Museum, and the State Literary Museum.

 




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SAINT PETERSBURG | MAIN SIGHTS OF ST.PETERSBURG | THE NATIONAL STATE SYMBOLS OF THE CHUVASH REPUBLIC | THE CHEBOKSARY FORTRESS, THE HOLY TRINITY MONASTARY | CHURCHES IN CHEBOKSARY, THE PRESENTATION CATHEDRAL | CHEBOKSARY BAY | KONSTANTIN IVANOV | THE ART MUSEUM, CHUVASH ARTISTS | MUSEUMS IN CHEBOKSARY | THEATRES IN CHEBOKSARY |


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