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38. Relative clauses – clauses with who / that / which
Relative clauses are used to say which person or thing we are talking about.
In a relative clause when we are talking about people we normally use who.
E.g. I know a man. He knows Arabic and Japanese.
I know a man who knows Arabic and Japanese.
Whom is possible (but not as common) instead of who (for people) when it is the object of the verb in the relative clause.
E.g. The woman whom I wanted to see was absent.
We use that and which to refer to things.
E.g. He sent me a present. It was very nice.
He sent me a present that / which was very nice.
We normally use that, not which, after: all, everything, something, anything, nothing, the only, superlatives.
E.g. The only thing that he mentioned was his meeting with Joan.
It is the worst mistake that I have ever made.
When who or that (or which) is the object of a relative clause it can be left out.
E.g. Did you find the book (that) youwerelooking for?
Who was the woman (who) youweretalkingto?
We can’t leave out who / that if it’s the subject of the clause.
E.g. This is Jones who works in an advertising agency.
This is the vase which costs 3 hundred pounds.
If there are prepositions in relative clauses they typically come after the verb at the end of the clause.
E.g. Would you say a few words about the plan which they succeeded in?
I don’t think she is a person you can rely on.
In a more formal written style prepositions can come before pronouns.
E.g. There was a river in which we could swim.
I didn’t know the boy to whom she was talking.
Relative clauses can also be introduced by – whose / where / when / why:
When – after words for time,
Where – after words for place,
Why means the reason why,
Whose is used instead of his, her, their.
E.g. Tell me when you are planning to come back (= … the day on which …)
The place where they stayed was excellent (= … at which…)
This is a story of a group of boys whose plane crashed on an uninhabited island. (=This is a story of a group of boys. Their plane crashed on an uninhabited island.)
I haven’t got the slightest idea why they are crying. (= of the reason why …)
Which can refer to the whole of the sentence before.
E.g. She was late, which surprised everybody.
- What surprised everybody?
-The fact that she was late.
He lost, which was impossible.
-What was impossible?
-The fact that he lost the game.
What is used in relative clauses to mean “the thing that”.
E.g. Do you know what is worrying her?
= Do you know the thing that is worrying her?
I didn’t hear wha t they were talking about.
= I didn’t hear the thing that they were talking abou t.
Ex. 1. Insert who / which (that)
1.What is the name of the man … climbed this mountain?
2.The matter was reported to the Police chief … ordered us all to be arrested.
3.We lit a fire … soon dried out our clothes.
4.I have a friend … hates answering the phone and very often just lets it ring.
5.He introduced me to his mother … was a very good-looking woman.
6.John asked me why the report … should have been on his desk at 5 o’clock still hadn’t arrived.
7.I went to London … I had always wanted to visit.
8.I have some letters … I must answer.
9.We are all going to watch the cricket match … starts at nine.
10. They were talking about Margaret … knew everything about the matter.
Ex. 2. Join the sentences with who or which and translate into Russian.
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