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What can you do?

· Buy fresh food that doesn't need a lot of packaging.

· Try to buy “organic” fruit and vegetables from farmers who don't use chemicals.

· Save as much water as possible.

· Find out more about Green organizations in your area.

· Write letters to the government in your country about Green problems which worry you.

· Use products that won't stay forever in the earth or sea when you throw them away.

· Use bottles more than once (or take them to a bottle bank).

· Try to save paper. Also, buy and use recycled paper as often as possible.

· Avoid “throw-away” products.

· Make sure that your family and friends use unleaded petrol in their cars.

· Don't buy products (fur or ivory, for example) made from rare or protected species.

· Use public transport as often as possible.

· If you're buying wood, don't choose hardwood from tropical rainforests.

· Look for aerosols which haven't got any of the chemicals called CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons) in them.

· Try to eat a healthier diet. Avoid too much fat or sugar.

· Don't buy hamburgers or pizzas in plastic boxes which contain CFCs.

· Use batteries as little as possible. It takes 50 times more energy to make them than they produce.

· Don't leave on electric lights, TV, hi-fi, etc, if you're not using them.

· Take aerobic exercise at least three times per week.

· Find out more about conservation issues in your area. Are there any woods, fields, etc, in danger, for example?

· Try to throw away at least 25% less rubbish.

· Help old people in your area to insulate their homes. This saves energy and helps to keep them warm in winter.

· Visit any local nature reserves or zoos and talk to the people who run them.

Add your own conservation ideas to this list.

 

Task 17. Make a copy of the following statements and rank each on a scale of 1 to 10 from strongest disagreement "1" to strongest agreement "10".

A. Natural resources should not be left untapped if using them could improve living conditions for a group of people.

B. It is important for people to preserve wilderness areas even if a vast majority of peo­ple will never visit them.

C. The world's natural resources exist for people to use. Preserving these resources as wilderness is a luxury we often cannot afford.

D. Environmental degradation is the biggest problem facing humanity today.

E. People will eventually develop new technologies to cope with environmental prob­lems.

F. People have a responsibility to protect all life forms on Earth.

G. Protecting a country's natural resources and natural heritage is primarily the Government's responsibility.

H. The Government is doing a good job of protecting your country's environment.

I. Recycling is the most important thing people can do to help improve the environ­ment.

J. People should be able to use their own land (i.e., farming, housing, logging, wildlife habitat) in whatever way they see fit.

K. All people have a legal right to clean air and water.

L. When a dilemma arises between protecting wildlife and protecting jobs for people, we should consider the needs of people first.

M. The fate of the human race is tied to the fate of other living things; if people are to survive, we must protect all species and their habitats.

N. Human overpopulation is the single greatest factor contributing to Earth's environ­mental problems.

O. The laws the Government has passed to control pollution are sufficient to ensure safe air and water for future generations.

 

Task 18. Read the text and discuss the most acute problems of environment in Ukraine.

ature protection, conservation of a favourable for life environment, ecological safety all together are becoming top national priorities in Ukraine. In this area the Ministry for Environmental Protection of Ukraine was organized in 1991.

Ukraine has the possibility to play an outstanding role among the countries of Central Europe. However, this potential is hampered by many economical, political and ecological problems.

Rivers and reservoirs of Ukraine are polluted mainly by organic compounds, nitrogenous compounds, heavy metals, phenols and petroleum products. The most heavily polluted rivers are in the catchment areas of the rivers Zakhidny Bug, Siversky Donets and in the area of the Sea of Azov. The capacity and effectiveness of water purification facilities are not growing adequately to the increase of quantities of waste-water. In some cases this leads to accidental discharge of polluted waste-water to the outside environment. The Dnipro River, the main water-body of Ukraine, can serve an excellent example: only 45% of the total amount of wastewater discharged to it is treated.

The main pollution sources of air in Ukraine are thermal electric power stations and metallurgy that are emitting correspondingly 32% and 38% of the total pollution caused by stationary sources. Many enterprises of metallurgy, mining, etc. located in the Donetsk-Dnipro Region are one of the causes of the ecological crisis there. Moreover, most of them are located in the centres of the cities. The chemical industry also adds to pollution of the air. Oil refineries from time to time are polluting underground waters.

Every year the economy of Ukraine is consuming 1.3-1.5 billion tons of natural materials. Most of them are returned back to the environment as waste of industries and consumers. Up to the present day problems concerning the treatment and storage of highly toxic waste have not yet been solved: 2.7 million tons of such waste are now dumped in Donetsk Region, 3.2 in Dnipropetrovsk Region, 1.3 in Kirovograd Region. About 52% of toxic chemicals are utilized in Ukraine.

Still a pressing problem in Ukraine is the storage of radioactive waste (RAW) and the use of radioactive materials. First of all, this concerns the enormous amounts of RAW resulting from the Chernobyl radiation accident. Secondly, attention should be drawn to more than one thousand sources of radiation that are being applied for industrial, agricultural, medical and scientific purposes. In the third place, more than 70 million cub. m. of RAW are dumped or stored by the uranium industry, mining and processing industries.

Some years ago some attempts were made by foreign companies to bring into Ukraine from abroad raw materials that were in reality mere waste. Usually this is waste that is difficult or expensive to treat and often it consists of toxic chemicals. There is an urgent need for arranging an ecological service that will operate at the country’s borders and regulations should be worked out and adopted at the international level in order to stop Ukraine becoming a dumping place for the rest of Europe.

 

Task 19. Summarize the given information and expand on the consequences of the Chernobyl nuclear accident.




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