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Final task

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Organize your knowledge on the topic and present reports on the following points.

1. Green house effect as a great ecological problem.

2. Is progress a reason of bad ecology? Why?

3. What could be the results of accelerating the rate of climate changes?

4. Problems of environmental protection. What should we do to survive?

5. What are serious ecological problems in Russia?

6. If you were a mayor what would you do for your town to improve ecological situation?

 

UNIT 4

THE PURPOSE OF SCIENCE

 

Our epoch is an epoch of science and new technologies. New ideas are being born and new discoveries and inventions are being made at an ever increasing rate. As Eleanor Roosevelt said, “the future belongs to those who believe in the beauty of their dreams”.

 

Take the parts of a correspondent and a scientist and discuss problem after problem. The following may help you:

I. l. How does science influence everyday life? Has science made everyday life easier, safer and more pleasant? If so, give your arguments in support of this statement. 2. Do you agree that science has explained many of the secrets of nature? Give some facts. 3. Why do we call our present age the age of the scientific and technological revolution?

II. 1. Have you read any popular books or articles about robots, about the thermonuclear chamber “Tokamak”, about heavenly bodies, in particular, quasars and pulsars, about the use of solar energy? Say a few words about them. 2. Describe in English a piece of news you have recently heard or read about the latest scientific achievements. Has is excited you? Why?

III. 1. What, in your opinion, is the most important problem facing mankind today? 2. What conditions are necessary for its successful solution? 3. What countries are we cooperating with in solving this problem? 4. What, in your opinion, can be done by your branch of science to solve the most important problems facing mankind?

IV. 1. What global problems are Russian scientists solving? 2. What are the prospects in the field of nuclear fusion, space travel, plasma research, robot-making, medicine? 3. What important scientific discoveries can you predict? 4. What do you think about the future of your own branch of science?

V. 1. Does the science you study occupy one of the leading places among other sciences? 2. What are your dreams with regard to your future work? 3. What is the role of your branch of science in the production development?

VI. 1. How old will you be by the year 2010? 2. In what scientific field will you be working? 3. Along what lines will your science develop by the year 2010? 4. Do you think you will be able to contribute significantly to the development of your field of knowledge? 5. Do you agree that we can predict the development of any branch of science? Give arguments to support your statement 6. What problems would you like to see solved by the year 2010?

VII. l. The practical application of the results of research in the task of every scientist. How do you see the problem? 2. Give examples of the latest scientific achievements which have been successfully put into practice (lasers, microelectronics, holography, etc.). 3. What is generally meant by fundamental and applied sciences? 4. Name some examples of the interaction of pure and applied science. Can atomic energy serve as an example? 5. How does your faculty (department, laboratory) help to put scientific achievements into practice?

VIII. 1. Describe the outstanding achievements of Soviet science in space exploration. 2. What sciences contribute to our successes in space research? Speak about computer technology, electronics, mechanics, metallurgy, medicine and other sciences. 3. What guarantees that scientific information on board a spaceship is obtained? What practical application has this information found? 4. How are the spaceships guided from the Earth? Speak about the work of the flight control centre, if you can. 5. So what lies behind space exploration? Why do we say that the work of thousands and thousands of people lies behind space exploration?

IX. 1. What do you know about A. Einstein? 2 Say a few words about some outstanding scientists in your field of knowledge. Do they have many followers (their own schools)? 3. What are the advantages of working in a team? 4. Which do you prefer, to work independently or in a team? 5. What is your idea of a true scientist?

X. 1. Comment on this statement: "A contemporary specialist must be educated in depth and in breadth". 2. Do you agree that the knowledge of foreign languages is absolutely necessary for a contemporary specialist? Why? 3. What about your own knowledge of foreign languages? Give a frank answer. 4. Name some qualities which, in your opinion, are needed in a contemporary specialist. 5. Do you think you display enough initiative in your work?

 

Text 1

Pre-reading task

1. Can you guess what the text is about judging by the title?

2. What do you think the following figures and dates have to do with the text?

 

IT MIGHT BE A GREAT PROP FOR THE set of "ER." But as an organizational tool, the dry-erase board that helps emergency doctors and nurses keep track of patients is as outdated as using leeches as a cure-all. The big, white boards aren't very user-friendly either: patient anonymity is sacrificed; they're prone to human error and they're tough to update when juggling a lot of sick people.

Who better to figure out a solution than some techies with medical degrees? That's what happened at Boston's Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center when three doctors put their heads together to devise a new system. The result: an "electronic dashboard," a four-foot-wide, color-coded, wireless plasma display to replace the Jurassic white board in Beth Israel's emergency department. It's a study in primary colors: red, blue and green (with shades of pink and blue thrown in for patient gender). The colors are geared to the severity of the complaint: red for the most serious, green for less-urgent cases.

 

 

THE BIG SCREEN: Larry Nathanson led the team that overhauled Beth Israel's ER with devices like a new board to track patients

 

The doctors didn't stop there. They completely rewired Beth Israel's new emergency department, which opened last July. "That was a perfect opportunity to get in there and do some things right," says Dr. Larry Nathanson, a full-time emergency doctor who led the team that developed the sys-tem, at a cost of roughly $200,000. "So we jumped on it."

A patient is first met by clerks who load his registration data into a laptop. That in-formation is immediately transferred to the dashboard. As doctors examine patients (whose names appear on the board as initials only), they enter their orders and diagnoses into wireless laptops—again automatically updating the dashboard. For example, "XR" indicates X-rays. That bar will turn green when a patient's X-rays are complete. "CC" stands for chief complaint. These terminals talk to the hospital's Legacy system—its central database— so personnel have immediate access to medical histories, too. And each doctor is equipped with a wireless phone that receives office calls—eliminating the need for overhead paging.

Nathanson, who did fellowships in medicine at Harvard and medical informatics at Beth Israel, plans to extend the use of the dashboard to disaster-response teams They currently keep their records on paper, he,says. Instead, data could be recorded via satellite-networked laptops, providing real-time situation updates to a "dashboard" at a mitral command post, Such a system could even provide immediate data analysis during and after a disaster to help spot patterns that might suggest the presence of biological or chemical agents. For now, Nathanson, whose many hats include handling clinical research and development for Beth Israel's parent company, Care Group Health System, is still refining the new technology to help reduce overcrowding in emergency departments. With too many patients, too few nurses and not enough beds, hospitals like Beth Israel are often forced to close their doors for several hours, and "divert" patients to other hospitals. According to Nathanson, the dashboard has already reduced the number of hours during which Beth Israel had to divert patients—it dropped to 40 hours during a recent six-month stretch, compared with an average of more than 450 hours at other nearby facilities over the same period. And Nathanson estimates staff has cut out 30 minutes of wasted time per shift searching for all the information that's needed to treat or release patients. For the 60,000 patients who come to Beth Israel's emergency department every year, it can also save a few hours of waiting time. "I can actually spend more time with my patients now," says Nathanson. That's good medicine." And that's just what the doctor programmed.

 

Reading

1. Recognize new information and answer the question; How does this new information change your knowledge of a subject?

2. Recognize and locate ideas and details in the text.

3. Identify common technical terms used in the text.

 

Task 1

Match a word in column A with its definition in column B.

 

1. to prone to do something a) difficult to do or to deal with and needing a lot of effort and determination
2. fellowship b) to deal with a difficult situation or problem
3. emergency c) something valuable that you decide not to have in order to get something that is more important
4. to sacrifice d) likely to do something or suffer from something, especially something bad or harmful
5. to handle e) a feeling of friendship resulting from shared interests or experiences
6. tough f) unexpected and dangerous situations that must be dealt with immediately

 

Task 2

Study the following word combinations and use them in the sentences that follow:

 

a) to keep track of = to pay attention to someone or something so that you know where they are or what is happening to them

b) to put your heads together = to discuss a difficult problem together

c) to have access to = the right to enter a place

d) outdated = unsuitable for the modern world and no longer used much

e) to do the right thing = anything that you can think of as a single item (an idea, a fact...)

f) to reduce = to make something smaller or less in size, amount or price

 

1. The public don’t..... the site.

2. We reject..... notions of national sovereignty.

3. It’s difficult..... of all the new discoveries in genetics.

4. I kept wondering if I was.....

5. We will..... and see if we can come up with some ideas.

6. We were hoping that they would..... the rent a little.

 

Task 3

Answer the questions:

1. Why is it necessary to keep track of patients?

2. What is “an electronic dashboard”?

3. Why are doctors equipped with a wireless phone?

 

Task 4

Use Active Voice in the following sentences:

1. A patient is first met by clerks.

2. Each doctor is equipped with a wireless phone.

3. Patient anonymity is sacrificed.

 

Use Passive Voice in the following sentences:

1. They completely rewired new emergency department, which opened last July.

2. As doctors examine patients thoroughly….

3. They currently keep their records on paper.

 

Task 5

Complete the sentences based on the text:

1. The doctors have immediate access to medical histories because....

2. Emergency department is a study the colors of which.....

3. Thanks to..... patients can save waiting time.

 

Text 2

 

Pre-reading task

The emerging fields of nanoscience and nanoengineering are leading to unprecedented understanding and control over the fundamental building blocks of all physical things. This is likely to change the way almost everything – from vaccines to computers, to automobile tires, to objects not yet imagined – is designed and made.

· Have you ever heard the word “nanotechnology”?

· The following words all appear in the text. Match each one with its correct definition on the right.

 

1. impact a) the effect or influence that an event, situation has on someone or something
2. dominate b) a general tendency the situation is changing or developing
3. tiny c) a group of trees, bushes, etc. growing very close together
4. precision d) extremely small
5. trend e) to have a power and control over someone or something
6. sophisticated f) having a lot of experience of life cleverly designed and very advanced and often works in a complicated way
7. clump g) the quality of being very exact
8. cumbersome h) similarity between two things, especially in the way they look
9. artifact i) heavy and difficult to move
10. resemblance j) an object such as a tool, weapon etc. that was made in the past and historically important

 

Reading

Read the text and answer the following questions:

1. Which area of science and engineering will most likely produce the breakthroughs of tomorrow?

2. Has nanotechnology given us the tools to play with the ultimate toy box of nature – atoms and molecules?

3. Are the possibilities to create new things appear limitless?

 

Nanotechnology: Shaping the World Atom by Atom

 

Nanotechnology comprises technological developments on the nanometer scale, usually 0.1 to 100 nm. (One nanometer equals one thousandth of a micrometer or one millionth of a millimeter.) The term has sometimes been applied to microscopic technology. This article discusses nanotechnology, nanoscience and conjectured "molecular nanotechnology."

The term nanotechnology is sometimes conflated with molecular nanotechnology (also known as "MNT"), a conjectural advanced form of nanotechnology believed by some to be achievable at some point in the future, based on productive nanosystems. Molecular nanotechnology would fabricate precise structures using mechanosynthesis to perform molecular manufacturing.

Nanotechnology includes the many techniques used to create structures at a size scale below 100 nm, including those used for fabrication of nanotubes and nanowires, those used in semiconductor fabrication such as deep ultraviolet lithography, electron beam lithography, focused ion beam machining, atomic layer deposition, and molecular vapor deposition, and further including molecular self-assembly techniques such as those employing di-block polymers.

The term “nanoscience” is used to describe the interdisciplinary fields of science devoted to the study of nanoscale phenomena employed in nanotechnology. This is the world of atoms, molecules, macromolecules, quantum dots, and macromolecular assemblies, and is dominated by surface effects such as

 




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