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In each sentence of the paragraph, underline the cause once and the effect twice.
1. Ear pain occurs when there is a buildup of fluid and pressure in the middle
ear. Often during a cold or allergy, particularly in small children, the ear
tube becomes swollen shut, preventing the normal flow of fluid from the
middle ear. Fluid begins to accumulate, causing stuffiness and decreased
hearing. Sometimes a bacterial infection starts in the fluid, which results in
pain and fever. Ear pain and ear stuffiness can also result from high
altitudes, such as when descending in an airplane or driving in the
mountains. Swallowing will frequently relieve the pressure in the ear tube.
2. Eating candy can produce acids in the body. Consuming carbohydrates can even produce an alcoholic condition in your body. One of our great orators, William Jennings Bryan, gave speeches nationwide about the bad effects of drinking alcohol, causing more than one person to change his drinking habits. Ironically, Bryan himself died of an alcoholic stomach as a result of eating thirteen pancakes with syrup for breakfast. Eating the pancakes, which are full of carbohydrates, and the sugary syrup, created a kind of alcoholic brew in his stomach. This innocently consumed brew produced alcoholic poisoning, which in turn led to his death.
3. Exercise is the central ingredient for good health because it tones the
muscles, strengthens the bones, makes the heart and lungs work better, and prevents disease. It increases energy and vitality and gives you a good feeling about yourself. This sense of well-being helps you deal better with stress, eases depression, and aids sleep. There are three kinds of exercises, of which strengthening is the least important because it builds more bulky muscles, although it is important for increasing general strength. Stretching exercises keep the muscles loose and are a bit more important than weight-lifting. Stretching before doing other kinds of exercises warms up the muscles, and makes them looser and less susceptible to injury. Aerobic exercises are the key to fitness because they improve your heart and lungs. Your heart speeds up to pump larger amounts of blood. You breathe more frequently and more deeply to increase the oxygen transfer from the lungs to the blood. As a result of these efforts, the heart becomes larger and stronger and your lungs healthier.
Organizing the Effect Analysis Essay
The Thesis Statement:
The thesis statement, as in the causal analysis essay, should state the effects to be discussed.
Example:
Eating fast food regularly may cause our bodies to be deficient in vitamins and
minerals we need to maintain good health and also it can be very addictive.
The Body Paragraphs:
Like the causal analysis select two or three major effects. In the thesis statement above two effects have been selected. Therefore, the first body paragraph will explain the effects on health of eating fast food and the second body paragraph will explain the addictive effect of eating fast food regularly. Support each effect with relevant examples and/or facts.
The Conclusion:
The conclusion will restate the thesis and provide a general comment on the topic.
►The Causal Chain
In this type of cause-and-effect essay, one cause will lead to an effect which will lead to another cause and so on, creating a chain of causes and effects.
cause
↓
effect
↓
cause
↓
effect
For example, bad weather conditions such as excessive rainfall may affect the farmers' vegetable crops causing the vegetable crops to die. This would make vegetables scarce, causing prices to rise in the supermarkets. Tin-would result in people not buying vegetables very much because they so expensive. Since people will be eating few vegetables, this will affect their health.
excessive rainfall
↓
damage to vegetable crops
↓
vegetable prices go up
↓
people eat less vegetables
↓
people are not as healthy
In Reading 2, "BGH: The Debate Goes On," a causal chain may be implied: cows are given BGH to increase their production of milk; the BGH causes the cows to get infections so the cows are given antibiotics. The antibiotics in turn get into our milk supply, creating cause for alarm.
cows given BGH to increase milk production
↓
cows get infections
↓
cows are given antibiotics
↓
antibiotics get into our milk supply
The most frequent use of this type of essay is in the sciences where there are
biological or weather cycles.
Practice:
Plan the causal chain for one of the topics below or choose a chain from geography or biology.
1.The cutting of forests in the Amazon.
2.The killing of elephants for ivory.
Organization of a Causal Chain
The Thesis Statement:
The thesis statement should state the three or four steps in the chain:
For example:
The use of BGH to increase milk production indirectly affects human health
since the cows that are given BGH get infections, and are treated with
antibiotics, which then get into our milk supply.
The Body Paragraphs:
It is important to break the chain into three or four major steps. Each body paragraph will describe one step in the chain stated in the thesis statement. Each step should be supported with details.
The Conclusion:
The conclusion will restate the main points in the chain and provide a comment on the topic.
►Writing practice
Choose one of the following topics.
1. Use one of the topics you researched in this chapter to write a cause or effect essay.
2. Write an effect analysis of eating junk food regularly focusing on three effects.
3. Write an essay on either the causes or the effects of pollution.
4. Write an essay on the causes or effects of the use of pesticides.
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