Ex. 8. The text is structurally divided into an introductory part, main part (main body) and conclusion. The main body is further subdivided into 2 paragraphs.
Say to which part of the text and which paragraph the following ideas could refer.
1. Variety of building materials and properties.
2. Classification of building materials.
3. Factors influencing the selection of materials.
4. General implications of the term ‘building’.
5. Advantages and disadvantages of the most common building materials.
Ex. 9. Expand in more detail on the following:
- the properties of material, both desirable and undesirable,
- the advantages of all the above mentioned building materials,
- the disadvantages of those materials,
- where the materials can be used.
Ex. 10. Fill in the missing information. Give 1 to 3 names of the building materials to fill in the circles at the bottom of the scheme.
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Describing the scheme comment on the classification of the building materials. Say where each of the materials is used.
Ex.11. Find in the text adjectives and participles corresponding to the following words and translate them into Russian:
Structure, mechanics, resist, skill, differ, employ, break, vary, build, bear, second, bind, nature, synthesis, industry, effect, economy, physics, durability.
Ex. 12. Look through the text again to find as many word combinations as possible with the given words (Adj+N, N+N, etc.):
A) material
B) building
Ex. 13. All kinds of materials can be described by compound words, in which the second element is –proof, –resistant, -tolerant, –insulating, –absorbing; e.g.: fire-proof ‘несгораемый’, weather-resistant ‘стойкий против атмосферных воздействий’, shade-tolerant ‘теневыносливый’, sound-insulating ‘звукоизолирующий’, sound-absorbing ‘звукопоглощающий’.
A) Make up such words using the suggested noun-components:
fire, frost (freeze), heat, sound, vapor, water, cold, decay, weather, corrosion, moisture, shade, acid.
Translate the derived words into Russian.
B) Translate the suggested sentences into Russian:
1. The most important requirements for concrete are: it should be hard, strong, durable, fire-resistant and economical. 2. Silica concrete is light, fire-resistant and acid-proof. 3. As clay-based brick is usually not completely waterproof, the structural wall will often have a water-resistant surface (usually tar paper) and weep holes can be. 4. This technique requires some sort of weather-resistant exterior surface over the insulation. 5. If used in severe climates (such as shore-side in a salt water environment) the wiring must be made of appropriate corrosion-resistant wire. 6. Blast-proof doors are constructed to allow access to a structure but also to provide protection from the force of explosions. 7. Civil engineering studies the ability of various earthquake-proof structures to withstand hazardous earthquake exposures at the sites of their particular location. 8. Because of corrosion-resistance plastics can be used for pipes to some extent. 9. Once the joists are in position, the moisture resistant chipboard or plywood deck is laid across the joists. 10. They need no vapour check layer because the plasterboard is vapour resistant. 11. A special sheathing material is used which is waterpoof but vapour permeable. 12. Corrosion-resistant fasteners (for example, stainless steel) are recommended for wood. 13. Fiberboard that has been treated to impart some degree of water resistance is a good option. 14. This type of brick must have good thermal shock resistance, high melting point and satisfactory porosity. 15. Masonry is very heat resistant and thus can provide good fire protection. 16. Shingles and shakes should be applied with rust-resistant nails long enough to penetrate into the wood sheathing.
Ex. 14. Complete the following sentences using English equivalents instead of the Russian words and word-combinations.
1. Materials that are used for structural purposes should (отвечать нескольким требованиям). 2. They all differ in hardness, durability, strength, weight, (огнестойкости, устойчивости против гниения) and cost. 3. Wood is cheap, easy to work with but it has (определенные недостатки). 4. Stone is widely used for foundations, walls and steps of buildings and (для отделки и декорирования) all sorts of structures. 5. Bricks are hard and easily fastened together (посредством строительного раствора). 6. Concrete is a mixture of cement, sand and crushed stone, (образующих с водой тесто). 7. The manufacture of steel (нуждается в специальном оборудовании) and skilled labour. 8. Primary building materials are used (для несущих конструкций). 9. Binding materials such as lime, gypsum and cement are most widely used (с целью скрепления единиц кирпичной кладки). 10. Synthetic materials are made (в промышленных условиях) after some human manipulations. 11. The designer must be able (выбирать и приспосабливать) materials of construction. 12. In the choice of materials for any work of construction (инженер гражданского строительства) must consider many factors.
Ex. 15. Translate the sentences into English.
1. Bажно, чтобы строительные материалы были твердыми, долговечными и легко скреплялись. 2. По сравнению со сталью древесина легче, дешевле, проще в обработке, а ее механические свойства хорошие. 3. Древесина горит, и поэтому она не годится для огнестойких зданий. 4. Для камня характерны механическая прочность, компактность, пористость, звуко- и теплоизоляция и огнестойкость. 5. Кирпичное здание прочное, долговечное и устойчиво к погодным условиям. 6. Использование стального укрепления для бетона до девятнадцатого века не практиковалось. 7. Бетон образует твердую, прочную массу и используется для подводных сооружений. 8. Стекло и пластмассы широко применяются при строительстве различных видов зданий. 9. Пластмассы - это название различных органических производных смолы, целлюлозы, и белка. 10. Вторичные материалы используются для интерьеров зданий, для внутреннего оформления сооружений. 11. Строительные материалы можно далее подразделить по источникам происхождения на натуральные и синтетические. 12. Естественные строительные материалы являются промышленно необработанными или обработаны минимально.
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