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Как вводный член предложения

Как вводный член предложения причастный оборот является высказыванием самого автора и отделяется запятой. Когда в этой функции выступает Participle I Active, оно переводится на русский язык:

i. союзом если с неопределенной формой глагола + следует сказать;

ii. деепричастным оборотом + следует сказать, что; заметим, что;

iii. отдельным предложением в повелительном наклонении.

Model:

Exercise 1. Translate into Russian.

1. Starting with the higher forms, including the trees, shrubs and herbs, the following are the largest groups of plants. 2. Returning to the idea of such symposium, there is a hope that it will serve as a milestone in the history of science that deals with the smallest of living things. 3. Mentioning some unsolved problems, a certain amount of work has to be done upon the development of edema. 4. Considering the internal conditions of soil, none of these conditions determined the altered direction in growth of the rhizome at different depths. 5. Turning to other growth stimulating factors, the alleged part is played by dew in plant life. 6. Turning next to the particles, they are found to be of widely varying size. 7. Following this law, vegetation like all organisms not only undergoes development but also possesses structure.

В функции вводного члена Participle II с союзом as переводится неопределенно-личным предложением с союзом как:

Model:

Exercise 2. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. As already stated, this article is concerned with the problems of heredity. 2. As noted, cultures were unialgal and bacteria-free. 3. As expected, results show that T.S.H. injections cause an increase in milk production. 4. As pointed out earlier, the pyrenoid appears to be composed of a protein substance with a thick gelatinous consistency. 5. As emphasied above, these elements are strongly radioactive when isolated in a pure state. 6. As pointed out in the previous chapter, astronomers are by no means of one mind as to this phenomenon.