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НЕЗАВИСИМЫЙ ПРИЧАСТНЫЙ ОБОРОТ

(ABSOLUTE PARTICIPIAL CONSTRUCTION)

Независимый причастный оборот состоит из причастия и существительного в общем падеже (реже личного местоимения в именительном падеже или слова there). На русский язык независимый причастный оборот переводится обстоятельственным придаточным предложением с союзами так как, поскольку, если, когда, после того как, тогда как, в то время как или самостоятельным предложением с союзами причем, а, и. Причастие переводится личной формой глагола в функции сказуемого. Независимый причастный оборот всегда отделяется запятой, двоеточием или тире.

Models:

Наряду с независимым причастным оборотом, встречается причастный оборот, вводимый предлогом with. Предлог with на русский язык не переводится.

Model:

Примечание 1. Независимый причастный оборот входит в состав такого сочетания, как other conditions (factors, things) being equal – при прочих равных условиях.

Model:

Exercise 1. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. In a regular diploid species there are two chromosome sets, each chromosome type being represented twice. 2. The hare and the rabbit are different species of one genus, the dog, the wolf belonging to quite a different family. 3. The protoplasm is relatively homogeneous; apparently neither nucleus nor plastids being present. 4. The spores are shed when the water temperature rises to 20⁰, shedding occurring each afternoon. 5. There being a very small nucleus in the centre of the cell, the structure is wholly different. 6. Other conditions being equal, the closely packed type will have a honeycomb structure. 7. Very few families of chlorophyceae lack this structure, those that do being the more highly evolved. 8. A number of microscopists, the most eminent being F. Cohn, described a great many morphological varieties of microorganisms. 9. In each group the cells become less closely packed, with clear spaces being visible between them. 10. All have a very definite alternation of generations, with the gametophyte being the dominant phase. 11. In the present chapter will be described the process of mitosis occurring as it does in the development of the body, particular attention being given to the behaviour of chromosomes. 12. Probably these twists are among the factors permitting localized survival of relicts of these two species, both widespread in Tertiary times. 13. The procedure involved successive series of stimulations at hourly intervals, each series being continued until the response disappeared.

Exercise 2. Translate the sentences into English using the Absolute Participial Construction.

1. Когда формула соединения известна, мы можем подсчитать его молекулярный вес. 2. Если добавить в воду немного соли, она становится хорошим проводником. 3. Поскольку водород – самый легкий из элементов, его плотность – наименьшая по сравнению со всеми существующими веществами. 4. Поскольку газ был бесцветным, никто не заметил его образования. 5. Должно быть, первые организмы воспроизводились только посредством деления, причем каждый продукт деления становился особью одного и того же вида. 6. При температурах, близких к абсолютному нулю, все тела становятся хрупкими, а жидкости и газы становятся плотными. 7. Если температурные и атмосферные условия, а также влажность благоприятны, эмбрион растения начинает расти. 8. В наши дни людям известно огромное количество разновидностей растений, причем самые известные из них наиболее полезны человеку. 9. Так как существует много разновидностей этого растения, трудно знать их все. 10. Продолжительность жизни разных растений варьируется в широком диапазоне, причем наибольшая у австралийской саговой пальмы 12000 – 15000 лет. 11. Мужская клетка сливается с яйцеклеткой, продукт этого слияния развивается в эмбрион, причем яйцеклетка преобразуется в семя.

ОБЗОРНЫЕ УПРАЖНЕНИЯ (REVIEW EXERCISES)

Exercise 1. Complete the sentences using Participle I or Participle II.

Models: The class bores the students. It’s a boring class.

The students are bored by the class. They are bored students.

1. The game excites the people. It is an... game. 2. The people are excited by the game. They are... people. 3. The news surprised the man. It was... news. 4. The man was surprised by the news. It was a... man. 5. The child was frightened by the strange noise. The... child sought comfort from her father. 6. The strange noise frightened the child. It was a... sound. 7. The work exhausted the men. It was... work. 8. The men were exhausted. The... men sat down to rest under the shade of a tree. 9. The story amuses the children. It is an... story. 10. The children are amused by the story. They are... children. 11. Mike heard some bad news. The bad news depressed him. a). Mike is very sad. In other words, he is... b). The news made Mike feel sad. The news was... 12. Nancy's rude behaviour embarrassed her parents, a). Nancy's rude behaviour was... b). Nancy's parents were... 13. The nation's leader stole money. The scandal shocked the nation, a). It was a... scandal. b). The... nation soon replaced the leader. 14. I like to study sea life. The subject of marine biology fascinates me. a). I’m... by marine biology. b). Marine biology is a... subject.

Exercise 2. Choose the correct form (-ing or-ed) of the words in brackets.

1. Don’t bother to read that book. It’s (boring, bored). 2. The students are (interesting, interested) in learning more about the subject. 3. Mrs Green doesn’t explain things well. The students are (confusing, confused). 4. Have you heard the latest news? It’s really (exciting, excited). 5. I don’t understand these directions. I’m (confusing, confused). 6. I read an (interesting, interested) article in the newspaper this morning. 7. I heard some (surprising, surprised) news on the radio. 8. I’m (boring, bored). Let’s do something. How about going to a movie? 9. Mr Sawyer bores me. I think he is a (boring, bored) person. 10. Mr Ball fascinates me. I think he is a (fascinating, fascinated) person. 11. Most young children are (fascinating, fascinated) by animals. 12. Young children think that animals are (fascinating, fascinated). 13. I was very (embarrassing, embarrassed) yesterday when I spilled my drink on the dinner table. 14. That was an (embarrassing, embarrassed) experience. 15. I read a (shocking, shocked) report yesterday on the number of children who die from starvation in the world every day. I was really (shocking, shocked). 16. The children went to a circus. For them, the circus was (exciting, excited). The (exciting, excited) children jumped up and down.

Exercise 3. Complete the sentences with Participle I or Participle II of the verbs in brackets.

1. The (steal) car was found in the woods. 2. Success in one’s work is a (satisfy) experience. 3. The tiger was a (terrify) sight for the villagers. 4. The (terrify) villagers ran for their lives. 5. I found myself in an (embarrass) situation last night. 6. A kid accidentally threw a ball at one of the school windows. Someone needs to repair the (break) window. 7. A (damage) earthquake occurred recently. 8. People are still in the process of repairing (damage) buildings and streets. 9. I elbowed my way through the (crowd) room. 10. No one lives in that (desert) house except a few ghosts. 11. The thief tried to open the (lock) cabinet. 12. The (injure) woman was put into an ambulance. 13. I bought some (freeze) vegetables at the supermarket. 14. The (expect) event did not occur. 15. A (grow) child needs a (balance) diet. 16. There is an old saying: Let (sleep) dogs lie. 17. At present, the (lead) candidate in the senatorial race is Henry Moore. 18. Any (think) person knows that smoking is a destructive habit. 19. I still have five more (require) courses to take. 20. (Pollute) water is not safe for drinking. 21. I don’t have any furniture of my own. Do you know where I can rent a (furnish) apartment? 22. No one may attend the lecture except (invite) guests. 23. The (suggest) remedy for the common cold is to rest and to drink plenty of fluids. 24. Because we have a (write) agreement, our landlord won’t be able to raise our rent for two years. 25. (Experience) travellers pack lightly. They carry little more than necessities.

Exercise 4. Change the adjective clauses so as to use participles.

Models: Do you know the woman who is coming toward us?

Do you know the woman coming toward us?

I come from a city that is located in the southern partof thecountry.

I come from a city located in the southern part of the country.

1. The man who is talking to John is from Korea. 2. The ideas which are presented in that book are interesting. 3. Anyone who wants to come with us is welcome. 4. The people who are waiting for the bus in the rain are getting wet. 5. The children who attend that school receive a good education. 6. The scientists who are researching the causes of cancer are making progress. 7. The fence which surrounds our house is made of wood. 8. They live in a house that was built in 1890. 9. We have an apartment which overlooks the park. 10. Did you get the message which concerned the special meeting? 11. Be sure to follow the instructions that are given at the top of the page. 12. The conclusion which is presented in that book states that most of the automobiles which are produced by American industry have some defect. 13. The photographs which were published in the newspaper were extraordinary. 14. There is almost no end to the problems that face a head of state. 15. The psychologists who study the nature of sleep have made important discoveries. 16. The experiment which was conducted at the University of Chicago was successful. 17. David Keller, who is a young poet who is known for his sensitive interpretations of human relationships, has just published another volume of poems. 18. Any student who doesn’t want to go on the trip should inform the office. 19. He read “The Old Man and the Sea”, a novel which was written by Ernest Hemingway. 20. My uncle Elias, who is a restaurant owner, often buys fish and shellfish from boats that are docked at the local pier. Customers come from miles around to dine on a seafood feast that is considered to be the best in all of the north-eastern United States. 21. The children attended a special movie program that consisted of cartoons that featured Donald Duck and Mickey Mouse.

Exercise 5. Complete the newspaper story about an earthquake in a city called Kitamo. Put in either an -ing form or an - ed form. Use these verbs:break, burn; cry, damage, fall, frighten, injure, smoke. (You have to use one of the verbs twice.)

There was an earthquake in the Kitamo region at ten o’clock yesterday morning. It lasted about a minute. Many buildings collapsed.... people ran into the streets. Many were injured by... bricks and stones. After the earthquake, buildings in many parts of the city caught fire. The heat was so great that firemen could not get near many of the... buildings. Hundreds of people have died. The hospital is still standing, but there aren’t enough beds for all the... people. Things look very bad in Kitamo now. There are hundreds of badly... houses, and those that caught fire are now just... ruins. The streets are covered with... glass, and... trees block the way. Everywhere there is the sound of... children.

Exercise 6. Join the sentences using an -ing clause, as in the model.

Model: I was sitting in the park. I was writing a letter. I was sitting in the park writing a letter.

1. The woman was driving along. She was listening to her car radio. 2. I arrived at the examination hall. I was feeling very nervous. 3. He came into the room. He was carrying a suitcase. 4. They were walking down the street. They were holding hands. 5. She was sitting in an armchair. She was reading a book. 6. Jill was lying on the bed. She was crying. 7. I got home. I was feeling very tired. 8. The old man was walking along the street. He was talking to himself.

Exercise 7. In these sentences one thing happens during another. Change the sentences following the model.

Model: Jim was playing tennis. He hurt his arm. Jim hurt his arm playing tennis.

1. Ann was watching television. She fell asleep. 2. The man slipped. He was getting off the bus. 3. The boy was crossing the road. He was knocked over. 4. He fell off a ladder. He was changing a light bulb. 5. Dick burnt himself. He was cooking his dinner. 6. He broke a cup. He was doing the washing-up. 7. He ran out of petrol. He was driving to work. 8. She lost her keys. She was getting out of her car.

Exercise 8. This time make sentences beginningHaving...

Model: We finished our work. We went home. Having finished our work, we went home.

1. We bought our tickets. Then we went into the theatre. 2. They had dinner. Then they continued on their journey. 3. She did all her shopping. Then she went for a cup of coffee. 4. I finished the washing up, then I sat down and watched TV. 5. He typed the letters, then he put them all in envelopes. 6. I did all the housework, then I went out for a walk. 7. He got out of bed, then he had a shower. 8. She locked all the doors, then she went to bed.

Exercise 9. Rephrase the sentences using an -ing clause, as in the examples.

Models: Because she didn’t want to miss the train, she ran all the way to the station. - Not wanting to miss the train, she ran all the way to the station.

Because I had just eaten, I wasn’t hungry. - Having just eaten, I wasn’t hungry.

1. Because she is a little deaf, she wears hearing-aid. 2. Because I don’t like classical music, I didn’t go to the concert. 3. Because she is rich, she can afford expensive holidays. 4. Because I had finished the book, I decided to take it back to the library. 5. Because they had gone to bed so late the night before, they felt quite tired the next day. 6. Because he had failed the exam the first time, he decided to take it again. 7. Because I didn’t know his address, I couldn’t contact him.

Exercise 10. A reporter has made some notes about a fire on a passenger aircraft. Combine each pair of sentences. Use the -ed form, -ing form or perfect -ing form.

Models: The plane was delayed by technical problems. It tookoff one hour late. - Delayed by technical problems, the plane took off one hour late.

The passengers saw smoke. They became alarmed. - Seeing smoke, the passengers became alarmed.

The pilot had travelled only a short distance fromHeathrow. He decided to turn back. - Having travelled only a short distance from Heathrow,the pilot decided to turn back.

1. The airport fire service was warned by air traffic control. It prepared to fight a fire. 2. The passengers believed the aircraft was going to crash. Some of them shouted in panic. 3. The pilot brought the plane down safely. Then he felt very relieved. 4. Everyone was worried by the risk of fire. They hurried to get out. 5. The firemen used chemicals. They soon put out the fire. 6. Most of the passengers had had enough excitement for one day. They put off their journey.

Exercise 11. Complete the story in the Mudford Gazette about a girl who paints pictures. Put each verb in brackets into the -ing form or –ed form.

13-year-old Annabel Waites of Mudford has won first prize in a national art competition. Her (win) picture is a painting of Mudford Hill.

I talked to Annabel at her home in Embury Road. At the moment she has a (break) arm, which she got (play) netball. Fortunately it’s her left arm, so she can still paint. Annabel usually listens to music while (paint). And she always paints (stand) up because she feels more comfortable that way. “I often feel very tired after (finish) a picture,” she told me. “It takes a lot out of me.”

Annabel was working on a half-(finish) picture of horses in a field. And on the wall was a beautifully (draw) portrait of her dog Beezer. (Be) an animal lover, Annabel often paints pictures of animals. On another wall I noticed a picture of a lawn (cover) with (fall) leaves. (Encourage) by her success, Annabel hopes to make painting her career, although she knows it will not be easy. But (help) by her art teacher, Mrs Emma Goodenough of Portway School, she has developed an individual style.

Annabel has many other hobbies, and she often goes (skate) with her friends.

Exercise 12. Join each of the following pairs of sentences, using either Participle I eg knowing, Participle II eg known, or Perfect Participle eg having known.

Models: He got off his horse. He began searching for something on the ground. - Getting off his horse, he began searching...

I had seen photographs of the place. I had no desire to go there. - Having seen photographs of the place, I had no desire...

The speaker refused to continue. He was infuriated by the interruptions. - Infuriated by the interruptions, the speaker refused...

1. I knew that he was poor. I offered to pay his fare. 2. We barricaded the windows. We assembled in the hall. 3. She became tired of my complaints about the programme. She turned it off. 4. He found no one at home. He left the house in a bad temper. 5. She hoped to find the will. She searched everywhere. 6. He realized that he had missed the last train. He began to walk. 7. He was exhausted by his work. He threw himself on his bed. 8. He had spent all his money. He decided to go home and ask his father for a job. 9. He escaped from prison. He looked for a place where he could get food. 10. She didn’t want to hear the story again. She had heard it all before. 11. She entered the room. She found them smoking. 12. I turned on the light. I was astonished at what I saw. 13. We visited the museum. We decided to have lunch in thepark. 14. He offered to show us the way home. He thought we were lost 15. She asked me to help her. She realized that she couldn’t move it alone. 16. He fed the dog. He sat down to his own dinner. 17. I have looked through the fashion magazines. I realize that my clothes are hopelessly out of date. 18. We were soaked to the skin. We eventually reached the station. 19. One day you will be sitting by the fire. You will remember this day. 20. I didn’t like to sit down. I knew there were ants in the grass. 21. She believed that she could trust him absolutely. She gave him a blank cheque. 22. I had heard that the caves were dangerous. I didn’t like to go any further without a light.

Exercise 13. Translate the sentences into Russian. Define the function of Participle II.

A.

1. Plants are often injured by an immense number of parasitic forms of the fungi. 2. This tree was planted 3 months ago. 3. They have planted many trees in this town. 4. Many young trees have been planted in the streets of our town this year. 5. The newly planted trees must be watered immediately. 6. An electron microscope is an electron – optical device which produces a greatly magnified image of the object. 7. Distilled water is used in laboratory work as well. 8. The released liquid contains salts, amino acids, proteins and sugars and is known as bleeding sap.

B.

1. Plant nutrients absorbed by the roots are transferred to the other parts of the growing plant. 2. Plants grown and cultivated by the farmer are known as farm crops. 3. The trees planted by you cannot make a normal growth, as certain elements of plant food are deficient in this soil. 4. Flowers visited by bees are often white, yellow, violet or “ultraviolet” colours. 5. The abundance of elements required for the plant growth can be seen from the appearance and yield of the crop.

Exercise 14. Translate the sentences into Russian. Pay attention to the place of Participle II.

1. The facts obtained are very important for investigating the structure and life of all cells. 2. The quality of the seed stored depends on the amount of moisture contained. 3. The soil analysed contained less oxygen than one could suppose. 4. The temperature and water requirements of the plants raised must be carefully studied. 5. The method used remained unchangeable for a number of years. 6. The amount of moisture needed is much greater than that supplied. 7. The substance obtained contained a small amount of hydrogen. 8. Included in this paper are the calculations which will permit to complete our task. 9. The leaves analyzed contained much sugar.

Exercise 15. Translate the sentences into Russian. Pay attention to the use of Participle II.

1. According to the data obtained the test was successful in spite of all difficulties. 2. One calorie is the amount of energy required to raise one gram of water from 14.5⁰ to 15.5⁰C. 3. The nutrients taken up by the plants from the soil solution are gradually replaced by the nutrients from the mineral and organic components. 4. A very weak acid called carbonic acid is formed by the combination of carbon dioxide and water. 5. It was found that reduced temperature at night and elevated temperature in the daytime prevents plant diseases under unfavorable conditions of illumination. 6. The temperature of the liquid obtained remained constant. 7. The structure of the plant studied by professor H. was described to the students studying plant pathology. 8. Domestic animals consuming plants produced by the soil supply us in turn with food and clothing. 9. The nitrogen content of this mixture is below the amount required. 10. The method used secured good results. 11. A seed is a formed embryo that has all the main organs of an adult plant. 12. The complex organic substances found in plants and animals include numerous pigments that determine their colour.

Exercise 16. Translate the sentences into Russian. Pay attention to the Absolute Participial Constructions.

1. The losses caused by plant diseases having been sometimes enormous, the cultivation of some crops has been stopped. 2. Oxygen combines with most elements, the product formed being called an oxide. 3. More favourable conditions having been created, the wild plants grew to a greater size and often produced better fruits and other edible parts. 4. The supply of food provided by wild animals and plants having become insufficient, primitive man began to grow plants. 5. The pollen having been transferred to the stigma, further processes resulting in the fertilization of an egg cell begin to take place. 6. After cotton flowers open, a period of 45 to 70 days passes before the bolls open, with the length of time being determined by the variety, temperature and humidity. 7. Prior to the experiment, the plants were kept in an 8L – 16D rhythm, the light being switched on at 8 a.m. and switched off at 4 p.m. 8. We have chosen the second of the varieties discussed, there being many proofs of its superiority.

Exercise 17. Translate the sentences into Russian. Pay attention to the Absolute Participial Construction.

1. The amount of lime, nitrogen, potash, and phosphoric acid being insufficient in the soil, manuring is necessary. 2. The soil solution is very dilute, only a small number of available nutrients being in it. 3. Nematode worms of microscopic size invading plants are living parasitically therein, serious diseases in roots and leaves being caused by them. 4. To destruct the sources of infection is very important, fire being the most effective way in this case. 5. Hydrogen burns in air with almost colourless flame, water being produced. 6. Both protists and multicellular organisms may reproduce vegetatively by fission of the body, each part developing into a separate organism. 7. The method of harvesting to be applied depends on many factors, the stage of maturity being one of the most important. 8. Several theories have been advanced to explain this phenomenon, the truest one being the theory developed by that well-known scientist. 9. The whole upper surface is covered with the gland-bearing filaments, the average number of them being 192. 10. A plant assimilates only 2 to 3 thousandths of the water absorbed from the soil, the rest (0.997 to 0.998) being evaporated.

Exercise 18. Translate into English using Participles.

1. Секретарь отправил подписанные директором письма. 2. Я очень благодарна врачам, спасшим жизнь моего ребенка. 3. В этой комнате есть несколько сломанных стульев. 4. Он принес мне несколько иллюстрированных журналов. 5. Мы внимательно прочли присланную профессором Ивановым статью. 6. Рассказы, напечатанные в этом журнале, очень интересны. 7. Словари, взятые студентами из библиотеки, должны быть возвращены не позднее 6 часов. 8. Человек, сидевший у открытого окна, смотрел на детей, играющих в саду. 9. Вот список слушателей, изучающих английский язык. 10. Он положил спящего ребенка на диван. 11. Люди, ожидающие доктора, давно здесь сидят. 12. Люди, ожидавшие вас, только что ушли. 13. Ученый, написавший эту статью, сделает доклад в нашем университете. 14. Картина, висевшая здесь в прошлом году, сейчас находится в художественном музее. 15. Картина, висевшая в вестибюле, привлекла мое внимание. 16. Вы должны быть очень внимательны, играя в шахматы. 17. Путешествуя по стране, мы познакомились со многими достопримечательностями. 18. Проработав в больнице более 10 лет, он стал опытным врачом. 19. Он смотрел на нее улыбаясь. 20. Будучи очень усталым, я решил остаться дома. 21. Не зная грамматики, он делал очень много ошибок. 22. Он взял словарь, не спросив разрешения. 23. Не получая от нее писем, он послал ей телеграмму. 24. Будьте осторожны, переходя улицу. 25. Я видел, как она работала в саду. 26. Я слышал, как она поет в соседней комнате. 27. Я чувствую, что на кухне что-то горим. 28. Мы наблюдали, как дети играют в футбол. 29. Я наблюдал за тем, как мой сын выполняет домашнее задание. 30. Я слышал, что она играет на пианино, и не хотел прерывать ее.

GERUND

Voice Tense	Active	Passive
Indefinite	translating	being translated
Perfect	having translated	having been translated

Герундий – неличная форма глагола, обладающая свойствами существительного и глагола.

I. К глагольным свойствам герундия относятся:

1 наличие форм залога (Active, Passive).

Models:

2 наличие относительного времени.

Indefinite Gerund выражает действие одновременно с действием, выраженным глаголом в личной форме, или относится к будущему времени или безотносительно ко времени его совершения.

Models:

Perfect Gerund обозначает действие, предшествующее действию, выраженному глаголом в личной форме.

Model:

Perfect Gerund употребляется довольно редко, когда важно подчеркнуть предшествование. После предлогов on (upon), after обычно употребляется Indefinite Gerund, хотя в этих случаях действие, выраженное герундием, предшествует действию, выраженному глаголом в личной форме.

Models:

Indefinite Gerund, а не Perfect Gerund употребляется и в других случаях, когда нет необходимости подчеркнуть, что действие, выраженное герундием, предшествовало действию, выраженному глаголом в личной форме.

Models:

возможность иметь дополнение.

Model:

возможность определяться наречием.

Model:

II. Герундий обладает следующими свойствами существительного:

может сочетаться с предлогом.

Model:

может определяться притяжательным местоимением или существительным в притяжательном или общем падеже.

Models:

Следует отметить, что в современном английском языке существительное, употребляющееся перед герундием, обычно стоит не в притяжательном, а общем падеже.

Model:

может выполнять в предложении функции подлежащего, определения, дополнения, обстоятельства, части составного глагольного или именного сказуемого.