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При переводе прямой речи в косвенную в английском языке необходимо соблюдать следующие правила:
1. меняются по смыслу личные, указательные и притяжательные местоимения: She said: “ I don’t know where my key is”. – She said she didn’t know where her key was.
2. применяется правило согласования времен, то есть все времена «сдвигаются» на один план назад:
Present Simple – Past Simple: writes - wrote
Present Continuous – Past Continuous: is writing - was writing
Present Perfect – Past Perfect: has written – had written
Past simple – Past Perfect: wrote - had written
will – would: will write – would write; can – could
3. изменяются обстоятельства времени:
Direct Speech | Indirect Speech |
today | that day |
here | there |
yesterday | the day before |
now | then |
tomorrow | the next day |
last year | the year before |
ago | before |
next | the following |
this | that |
4. Утвердительные предложения при переводе в косвенную речь вводятся словами said/told + that + замена времени + местоимение по смыслу + наречие: She said:” I saw this film”. – She said that she had seen that film.
5. Специальные вопросы вводятся словом asked + прямой порядок слов: She asked: “When do you go there?”. – She asked when I went there.
6. Общие вопросы вводятся словом asked + if + прямой порядок слов: She asked: “Have you seen this film?” – She asked if I had seen that film.
7. глагол, стоящий в повелительном наклонении в прямой речи, переводится в косвенную речь с помощью инфинитива:
She asked: “Open the door”. – She asked to open the door.
She said: “Don’t open the door, please”. – She asked not to open the door.
Не путайте глаголы say and tell!
Tell употребляется, если указан адресат сообщения (кому?):
E.g. He told me that he loved Mary.
Say непосредственно передает сообщение (что?):
E.g. She said that they were happy together.
8. Глаголы для перевода прямой речи в косвенную
1. Verb + object + infinitive.She asked me to come.
Other verbs with the same pattern are:
advise, beg, encourage, invite, order, persuade, remind, warn
2 Verb (+ that) + clause
She says (that) she doesn't want to speak to you.
Other verbs with the same pattern are: say, claim, admit, explain, promise
3. Verb + object (+ that) + clause
He told us (that) he worked for a big international company.
Other verbs with the same pattern are: remind, warn
4. Verb + gerund
He admitted lying to the teacher.
Other verbs with the same pattern are: admit, deny, recommend, suggest
Note: verbs in groups 2, 3 and 4 can also be used with that + clause.
He admitted that he had lied.
5. Verb + preposition + gerund
She apologized for being so rude.
She discouraged me from taking up smoking.
Other verbs with the same pattern are:
accuse (of), apologize (for), blame (for), congratulate (on),discourage (from), insist (on)
6. Verb + infinitive
We agreed to meet again in September.
Other verbs with the same pattern are: agree, decide, offer, promise, refuse and threaten
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