A
acoustic adj. concerned with sound
adherent adj. added shades of meaning
affinity n. similarity, inherent likeness
allegory n. a story, poem, painting, etc. in which the characters and actions represent general truths, good and bad qualities, etc.
alliteration n. repetition of the same consonant or sound group at the beginning of two or more words that are close to each other
allusion n. reference to some literary, historical, mythological, biblical, etc. character or event commonly known
anadiplosis n. repetition of the last word or phrase hi one clause or poetic line at the beginning of the next
anaphora n. repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses or lines of verse
anastrophe n. a term of rhetoric, which means upsetting for effect of the normal order of a preposition before a noun or of an object after a verb, cf. inversion
anticlimax n. a sudden drop from the dignified or important in thought or expression to the commonplace or trivial, sometimes for humorous effect
antique adj. the ancient style, esp. Greek or Roman; classical
antithesis n. opposition or contrast of ideas, nations, qualities" in the parts of one sentence or in different sentences
antonomasia n. the use of a proper name in place of a common one or vice versa to emphasise some feature or quality
apokoinu n. a construction in which the subject of one sentence is at the same time the subject of the second, a kind of ellipsis
aposiopesis n. a sudden breaking off in the midst of a sentence as if from inability or unwillingness to proceed
argot n. the vocabulary peculiar to a particular class of people, esp. that of an underworld group devised for private communication
Aristotle n. Greek philosopher, pupil of Plato (384-382 BC)
assonance 1. resemblance of sounds 2. partial rhyme created by the stressed vowel sounds
astheism n. deprecation meant as approval
asyndeton [a'smdatan] n. the omission of conjunctions
B
belles lettres n. literature or writing about literary subjects
C
couplet n. two successive lines of poetry, esp. of the same length that rhyme
coupling n. the affinity of elements that occupy a similar position and contribute to the cohesion of the text
catachresis n. incorrect use of a word, as by misapplication of terminology or by strained or mixed metaphor
chiasmus n. inversion of the second of two parallel phrases or clauses
cliche n. an expression or idea that has become trite
climax n. a rhetorical series of ideas, images, etc. arranged progressively so that the most forceful is last
colon n. in Greek prosody a section of a prosodic period, consisting of a group from two to six feet forming a rhythmic unit with a principal accent
connotation n. idea or notion suggested by or associated with a word, phrase, etc. in addition to its denotation
connotative adj. having connotations
convergence n, concentration of various devices and expressive means in one place to support an important idea and ensure the delivery of the message
D
dactyl n. a metrical foot that consists of one accented syllable followed by two unaccented ones
Demetrius of Alexandria n. Greek orator and philosopher (b. 350 BC)
denotative adj. indicative of the direct explicit meaning or reference of a word or term
detachment n. a seemingly independent part of a sentence that carries some additional information
device n. a literary model intended to produce a particular effect in a work of literature
Dionysius of Halicarnassus n, Greek rhetorician, critic and historian (1st cent. BC)
E
ellipsis n. all sorts of omission in a sentence
emotive adj. characterised by, expressing or producing emotion
empathy n. ability to share ha another's emotions, thoughts or feelings
enjambment n. in prosody: the running on of a sentence from one line to the next without a syntactical break
enumeration n. a device by means of which homogeneous parts of a sentence are made semantically heterogeneous
epenalepsis n. a term of rhetoric meaning repetitive use of conjunctions in close succession, (cf. polysyndeton)
epigram n. 1. a short poem with a witty or satirical point 2. any terse, witty, pointed statement, often with a clever twist in thought.
epiphora n. repetition of words or phrases at the end of consecutive clauses or sentences
epithet n. an adjective or descriptive phrase used to characterise a person or object with the aim to give them subjective evaluation
euphonic adj. characterised by euphony
euphony n. a harmonious combination of sounds that create a pleasing effect to the ear
evaluative adj. giving judgement about the value of something
explicit adj. clearly stated and leaving nothing implied
F
figure of speech n. a stylistic device of whatever kind, including tropes and syntactical expressive means
figures of contrast: those based on opposition (incompatibility) of co-occurring notions
figures of co-occurrence: devices based on interrelations of two or more units of meaning actually following one another
figures of identity: co-occurrence of synonymous or similar notions
figures of inequality: those based on differentiation of co-occurring notions
figures of quality: renaming based on radical qualitative difference between notion named and notion meant
figures of quantity: renaming based on only qualitative difference between traditional
names and those actually used
figures of replacement: tropes, 'renamings', replacing traditional names by situational ones
G
gap-sentence link seemingly incoherent connection of two sentences based on an unexpected semantic leap; the reader is supposed to grasp the implied motivation for such connection
Gorgias n. Greek philosopher (483-375 B.C.), founded one of the first rhetoric schools
graphon n. intentional misspelling to show deviations from received pronunciation: individual manner, mispronunciation, dialectal features, etc.
H
Hellenistic adj. of Greek history, language and culture after the death of Alexander the Great (323 B.C.)
hierarchical adj. arranged in order of rank, grade, class, etc.
hyperbole n. exaggeration for effect not meant to be taken literally
I
iambus n. a metrical foot, consisting of one unaccented syllable followed by one accented
idiolect n. a particular person's use of language, individual style of expression
imagery n. ideas presented in a poetical form; figurative descriptions and figures of speech collectively
implicit adj. implied; suggested or to be understood though not plainly expressed
inherent adj. existing in something or someone as a permanent and inseparable element, quality or attribute
inversion n. a reversal of the normal order of words in a sentence
irony n. a stylistic device in which the words express a meaning that is often the direct opposite of the intended meaning
irradiation n. the influence of a specifically coloured word against the stylistically different tenor of the narration
J
jargon n. the language, esp. the vocabulary, peculiar to a particular trade, profession or group
juridical adj. related to the law
litotes n. understatement for effect, esp. that in which an affirmative is expressed by a negation of the contrary
m
malapropisra n. ludicrous misuse of words, esp. through confusion caused by resemblance in sound
meiosis n. expressive understatement, litotes
metaphor n. the application of a word or phrase to an object or concept it does not literally denote., in order to suggest comparison with another object or concept
metaphor sustained/extended a chain of metaphors containing the central image and some contributory images
meter n. rhythm in verse; measured patterned arrangement of syllables according to stress or length
metonymy n. transfer of name of one object onto another to which it is related or of which it is a part
mythology - myths collectively and the beliefs that they contain
N
normative ['no: matrv] adj. having to do with usage norms
O
onomatopoeia n. the formation of a word by imitating the natural sound; the use of words whose sounds reinforce their meaning or tone, esp. in poetry
oratorical n. characteristic of or given to oratory
oratory n. the art of an orator; skill or eloquence in public speaking
oxymoron n. a figure of speech in which opposite or contradictory ideas are combined
P
paradiastola n. in Greek poetic texts: the lengthening of a syllable regularly short
parallellism n, the use of identical or similar parallel syntactical structure in two or more sentences or their parts
paranomasia n. using words similar in sound but different in meaning for euphonic effect
parlance n. a style or manner of speaking or writing
periphrasis n, renaming of an object by a phrase that emphasises some particular feature of the object
personage n. a character in a play or book, or in history
personification n. the attribution of personal nature or character to inanimate objects or abstract notions
polysyndeton n. the use of a number of conjunctions in close succession
prosody n. 1. the science or art of versification, including the study of metrical structure, stanza form, etc. 2. the stress patterns of an utterance
proximity n. nearness in place, time, order, occurrence or relation
publicist n. referring to writing and speaking on current public or political affairs
R
recur v. to happen or occur again, appear at intervals recurrence [n'kArens] n. the instance of recurring, return, repetition
rhetoric n. L the art or science of all specialized literary uses of language in prose or verse, including the figures of speech 2. the art of using language effectively in speaking or writing 3, artificial eloquence
rhetorical adj. using or characterised by rhetoric
rhyme n. a regular recurrence of corresponding sounds at the ends of lines in verse
rhythm n. 1. a regular recurrence of elements in a system of motion: the rhythm of speech, dancing music, etc. 2. an effect of ordered movement in a work of art, literature, drama, etc. attained through patterns in the timing, spacing, repetition, accenting, etc. of the elements 3. in prosody: a metrical (feet) or rhythmical (iambus, trochee, etc.) form
S
simile n. a figure of speech in which two unlike things are explicitly compared by the use of like, as, resemble, etc.
solemn adj. arousing feelings of awe, very impressive
sophistry n. in ancient Greece: the methods or practices of the sophists, any group of teachers of rhetoric, politics, philosophy, some of whom were notorious for their clever specious arguments. 2. misleading but clever, plausible and subtle reasoning
stanza n. a group of lines in a repeating pattern forming a division of a poem
suspense n. a compositional device that consists in withholding the most Important information or idea till the end of the sentence, passage or text
syllepsis n. a term of rhetoric: the use of a word or expression to perform two syntactic functions, cf. zeugma
synecdoche n. a figure of speech based on transfer by contiguity in which a part is used for a whole, an individual for a class, a material for a thing or the reverse of any of these; a variety of metonymy
T
tautology n. needless repetition of an idea in a different word, phrase or sentence; redundancy; pleonasm
terminology n. the system of terms used in a specific science, art or specialised subject
trochee n. in prosody: a foot of two syllables, a stressed followed by an unstressed one
transfer v. to convey, cany, remove or send from one position, place or person to another
transfer n. the act of transferring
transference n. the act or process of transferring
Trasimachus n. Greek philosopher, together with Gorgius created one of the first schools of rhetoric in ancient Greece (c. 4 BC)
trope n, a figure of speech based on some kind of transfer of denomination
V
versification n. 1. the art, practice or theory of poetic composition 2. the form or style of a poem; metrical structure
Z
zeugma n. a figure of speech in which a single word, usually a verb or adjective, is syntactically related to two or more words, though having a different sense in relation to each
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