(абсолютная причастная конструкция)
В независимом причастном обороте перед причастием стоит существительное в общем падеже или местоимение в именительном падеже. Это существительное или местоимение является субъектом действия, выраженного причастием, и не совпадает с подлежащим. Независимый причастный оборот отделяется от главной части предложения запятой. Переводится обстоятельственным придаточным предложением с союзами так как, после того как, когда, если и др. или самостоятельным предложением с союзами а, и, причем.
Mу colleague being away, I had to take the decision myself.
Так как мой товарищ по работе отсутствовал, мне пришлось самому принять решение.
Weather permitting, the astronomer will proceed with his observation.
Если погода позволит, астроном продолжит свои наблюдения.
The signal given, the rocket starts immediately.
Когда (как только) дается сигнал, ракета сразу взлетает.
The astronomer proceeded with his observation, the sky having cleared.
Астроном продолжал наблюдение после того, как (так как) небо прояснилось.
There being many people in the conference hall, we could not enter it.
Так как в зале было много народу, мы не могли войти.
The sodium atom has eleven electrons, the eleventh one occupying a position outside of the second shell.
У атома натрия одиннадцать электронов, причем одиннадцатый занимает положение за пределами второй оболочки.
We continued our work, with our laboratory assistants helping us.
Мы продолжали свою работу, а наши лаборанты помогали нам
Ex.3
A
1. The electron is about as large as a nucleus, its diameter being about 10-12 cm.
2. Silver being very expensive, we only rarely use it as a conductor.
3. Radioactivity discovered, we made great progress in atomic physics.
4. The square of any number being positive, the square root of a negative number is imaginary.
5. Acids react with oxides of all the metals, a salt and water being formed.
6. Hydrogen consisting of discrete particles is a molecule, each one made up of 2 hydrogen atoms.
7. The speed of light being extremely great, we cannot measure it by ordinary methods.
8. Water being denser than air, rays are refracted towards the perpendicular.
9. Other liquids being too light, a barometer uses mercury.
10. Other things being equal, the efficiency is less in irreversible cyclic processes.
B
11. Hydrogen atoms are lighter than those of any other elements; those of the rare gas helium are the next, each of them weighing about four times as much as a hydrogen atom.
12. As the wavelength of such waves decreases they become more penetrating, gamma-rays being able to travel through as much as one foot of iron.
13. The atoms break up in a perfectly ordered fashion, independent of imposed conditions so far as is known, each atom yielding a new atom, with the emission of the energy difference between the new state and the old.
14. The radioactive sulphur may be added to sulphite and then removed, the resulting sulphite containing little or no radioactive sulphur.
15. Solid NO3F at liquid-air temperatures is violently and dangerously explosive, little or no shock being sufficient to set it off.
16. Some of the reactions of nitrous acid with reducing agents have been studied with care, such being the case, for example, with arsenous acid.
17. Sulphur trioxide reacts with some solid halides to liberate the free halogen, this being especially the case with iodides.
18. Other things being equal, we should expect lines from elements in relatively large amounts to be the more prominent.
19. There being no atmosphere, the lunar surface is exposed to direct sunlight.
20. The Moon is mainly responsible for the tides on the Earth, with the Sun also assisting simply by its direct attraction of the water.
21. We have not one but many potential surfaces, with no reasonably exact way of calculating the configuration of even the simplest.
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