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Where, when - по правилам, где опущено that - запятой нет, где нет союза и сложное предложение - запятая есть

 

I'm looking forward to the day I turn 18, when I can finally vote.

I was very excited when I saw that it was from you.

 

5) Деепричастный оборот - в любом месте предложения. С причастными - нет, по крайней мере если причастие - gerund

Cleaning and painting my room, I ran across my favorite book.

there is a technique to it, making writing so simple, a monkey could do it.

 

6) Сложное предложение: если союз and/ or - запятой нет, в остальных случаях есть

Unfortunately, I didn't have my credit card with me or I'd certainly have bought it.

NO comma before "such as" - only if you can throw away this part from the sentence

The Grade 5 class studied ancient cultures, such as Greece and Rome, before they studied different forms of government.

Fresh fruit provides many nutrients, such as vitamin C, and tastes good too.

The Grade 5 class studied ancient cultures such as Greece and Rome.

Fresh fruit provides many nutrients such as vitamin C.

 

Сложные предложения (в том числе сложно сочиненные) без союза and/or

sentence with the same subject

They went to get pizza, but came back with ice cream ("they" is the subject in both clauses)

My parents’ anniversary is on …, and they are planning (союз and, все равно зпт)

Opponents argue that humans have no right to subject animals this trauma, and that the lives of all creatures should be respected.

 

You can parentheses (brackets) or dashes instead of commas - same thing. Use dashes or brackets when there are already several commas in the sentence.

 

, and/or - if long

Never before "that'

 

+ other

 

1) Several adjectives:

He is a charming, attentive listener. (comma if they refer to the same property of an object -both are about the character)

big black dog

 

2) because:

no comma - with a positive proposition

"We’re off to see the wizard because of the wonderful things he does”

 

comma - with a negative proposition

“They don’t want to diagnose or treat Lyme disease, because it is very costly to do so.”

 

Because reason, consequence - comma

 

3) Conditions:

If I win the lottery, I will buy a castle.

I will buy a castle if I win the lottery.

 

+ Не ставится

1) перед as, that, никогда не нужно, даже если это сложное предложение

2) reason -> consequence (so, since)

+ Colon

to introduce a list

There are three countries in North America: Mexico, the USA, and Canada.

 

Direct speech:

he said: "bla bla bla".

yesterday's party

 

+ Dash

I like (love etc) this - reason (it is so beautiful)

 

Direct speech:

"Bla bla bla. " - he said. (some punctuation are inside quotations)

+ Dot

Use full stops with abbreviations:

Co. (Company)

etc. (et cetera)

M.P. (Member of Parliament)

Exception: (In British English only). Do not use full stops when the last letter of the word and of the contraction are the same:

Mr (Mister)

Ltd (Limited)

Dr (Doctor)

St (Saint)

'

Students’ presentations – apostrophe with people. parents' house, people's will. Today's message. today's newsletter

five minutes' break

 

+ Condition

!!! mixed

If I was sensible, I'd have saved more

I am going now -> if I was going now

 

III

(impossible (what did not happen) in the past)

If he hadn't drunk yesterday, he would have been on time today

 

II

(impossible in present or future)

If I were you, I would …

If you worked harder, you would earn more money

 

I

(present, possible)

 

II + III

(now, past)

If I were smarter, I would have got that job

 

III + II

(past, now)

If I had gone on vacation, I'd have bought that couch

+ Word order

noun (подлежащее)

+ verb

+ [always / often / never / also / still / only / all / both / probably / already / usually / rarely / seldom / hardly ever etc.] - usually adverbs relating to time or frequency. These adverbs go before a single-word verb but after be (I usually do, it is usually hidden), or after first word of verb of two or more words

I can never remember his name, will probably be cancelled, have usually done, Do you still work for the same company? The house was only built a year ago. I still haven't finished my essay.

+ adjectives for object, first opinion then fact (nice new, beautiful long)

+ object (кого / что) - always together

+ place (where)

+ time (when / how long / how often)

+ adv (how / why etc.)

 

How to remember:

noun + verb [+ still, only, usuallyl, time, freq etc.]

+ adj + object - Что

+ 3 adv - Где Когда Почему

 

always never often still usually rarely hardly ever - freq

also all both only

probably already still

 

предлог ставится перед словом, а НЕ в конце предложения (исключение - that)

This is the house in which we live.

This is the house that I used to live in

 

We are all invited… But exception-Who is responsible? -We all are.

She often listens to the radio

He never watches TV in the afternoon

I can never remember his name

 

They have significantly expanded their operations this month. -> They have expanded their operations significantly this month. (at the place of an adverb)

 

I would most likely not be able to explain it in Russian

I'm currently resolving issues, which (= that) I have been working on for the last five years or

I'm currently resolving issues, on which I have been working for the last five years

 

- нареч ия, определяющие как часто происходит действие (often, always, usually);
- наречия, которые выражают уверенность(probably, certainly, definitely, clearly, obviously etc.);
- наречия, выражающие мнение (intelligently,expertly etc.).

 

adj order

opinion - facts (size - age - shape - color - origin - material - used for)

 

a wonderful large old rectangular black Chinese wooden linen chest

Other

If the noun is singular, we use another to modify it; if it is plural, we use other.

If the weather doesn’t change soon, we may have a drought in another part of the country.

If the weather doesn’t change soon, we may have a drought in other parts of the country.

 

same, similar should modify a noun. alike or similarly - is modifying a verb

It is common for people and their pets to look alike.

They are the same.

 

I saw Ann waiting for a bus

 

Each/Every person/everyone/ everybody/somebody/who has

all, most, some children have

(he or she = they)

If anyone wants to leave early, they can. Somebody has split their coffee on the carpet

can (present), could (past), in other times use "be able to"

 

You needn't hurry = You don't need to hurry

 

I wish I had an umbrella (во время дождя) - present

I wish I had had an umbrella (после дождя) - past

 

He is said to be 1000 years old (thought, known, believed, considered)

 

Jill had the roof repaired yesterday (smb else did it) - have something done (by others)

 

one hundred and two = 102

 

parent's house vs

table column (неодушевленные, исп-ся как прилагательное, "табличная колонка"), еще можно использовать "column of table"

 




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Gerunds (-ing) | Present Simple | Switch from Past to Present Perfect (through Present Simple) |


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