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1. Ukraine is situated in the south-eastern part of Central Europe, and it borders on other European countries: Russia, Byelorus, Poland, Slovakia, Hungary, Moldova and Romania. The territory of our country is about 603,700 square kilometers. The population of our country is about 48 million people.
2. The territory of Ukraine is mostly a level treeless plain, called the steppe. Ukraine is not a mountainous country, though there are Crimean Mountains in the Crimean Peninsula and the Carpathian Mountains with the highest peak Goverla (2061) in the west of the country. The Carpathians are the only mountainous natural boundary of Ukraine. The Crimean Mountains are close to the second natural boundary of Ukraine – the Black Sea and the Azov Sea in the south. Ukraine enjoys generally a temperate continental climate.
3. The Ukrainian landscape can’t be called monotonous, it has some diversity as its plains are broken by highlands as well as by lowlands. The largest highland area is the Dnieper Upland. It is broken by many rivers, valleys, ravines, some of them more than 1,000 feet deep.
4. The main river in the country is the Dnieper which is the third longest in Europe. One of the oldest Ukrainian cities, its capital Kyiv is situated on both sides of this wide and powerful river. The Dnieper has many tributaries which unify central Ukraine economically, connecting the Baltic coasts countries with the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea. The mouth of another Ukrainian river, the Danube, provides an outlet for our country’s trade to the Balkans, Austria and Germany. The Danube River connects Ukraine with 7 European countries. Other less important rivers of Ukraine are the Dniester, the Southern Bug, the Desna, the Prypyat, the Severskiy Donets and about 70 thousand small rivers.
5. Ukraine is not very rich in mineral resources but there are deposits of coal in the Greater Donbas and deposits of iron ore, gas, non-ferrous metals, oil, mineral salts and clay in other regions of Ukraine.
6. The biggest cities of Ukraine are Kyiv, Kharkiv, Lviv, Dnipropetrovsk, Zaporizhiya, Donetsk, Odesa, Mikolaiv and some others. Main industrial enterprises are concentrated in and around them. They produce planes, turbines, different kinds of machines and equipment, and various consumer goods.
7. Ukraine is a sovereign state whose independence was declared on August 24, 1991. The country has a democratic political system which means that its executive branch is headed by the president with strong powers, and its legislative branch is represented by a national parliament.
8. The president is elected to a five-year term is the commander-in-chief of the military forces and can issue orders without the approval of the parliament. The first president of Ukraine was Leonid Kravchuk. In 1994 people elected a new president, Leonid Kuchma, and Ukraine entered a new phase of development. In 1999 he was re-elected to a new term of presidency. The last presidential election was conducted in 2004. Victor Yushchenko was declared the winner and was sworn in as the third President of Ukraine on January 23, 2005.
9. Ukraine’s parliament, called Verkhovna Rada (the Supreme Council), is the nation’s law-making body. It has one chamber consisting of 450 members who are elected by voters at general elections to a five-year term.
10. Judicial branch in Ukraine is represented by the Supreme Court and the Constitutional Court.
11. The president is assisted by a Cabinet of Ministers whose responsibilities lie in the areas of foreign affairs, home policy, economy, science and technology, industry, law and humanitarian matters. The Cabinet is headed by the Prime Minister who is appointed by the president and approved by the majority of the Parliament.
12. In other words, it is possible to say that state power in Ukraine is based on the division of authority into legislative, executive and judicial branches, and Ukraine can be called a country with a parliamentary-presidential form of government.
13. Administratively Ukraine is divided into 24 regions, called “oblasty”. Crimea, which is also part of our country, has a special status of an autonomous, self-governing republic. Each region has its local government bodies which are responsible to the Cabinet of Ministers and the President.
14. The main trend of foreign policy in Ukraine is to live in peace with the rest of the world community, to co-operate with other countries and participate in European and world structures through membership in the United Nations and other international political, economic and cultural organizations.
Ex. 9 Find in the text and put down English equivalents to the following word combinations:
Межувати з країнами; безліса рівнина; гориста країна; помірний континентальний клімат; розташовуватися по обидві сторони; мати різноманітність; могутня річка; об’єднувати економічно; забезпечувати вихід; бути багатим на корисні копалини; кольорові метали; промислові підприємства; споживчі товари; незалежна держава; демократична політична система; головнокомандувач збройних сил; схвалення парламенту; законодавчий орган; загальні вибори; президентські вибори; виконавча влада; внутрішня політика; державна влада; розподіл влади; парламентарно-президентська форма правління; зовнішня політика; міжнародні економічні та культурні організації.
Ex. 10 Give Ukrainian/Russian equivalents to:
highland iron ore
valley responsibility
enterprise foreign affair
Supreme Court oil
general election participate
Ex. 11 Insert the suitable words and word combinations given below into the following sentences:
1. The territory of Ukraine is mostly a level treeless …, called the steppe.
2. The Carpathians are the only mountainous natural … of Ukraine.
3. The Ukrainian landscape has some … as its plains are broken by highlands as well as by ….
4. The Dnieper has many … which unify central Ukraine economically
5. The mouth of another Ukrainian river, the Danube, … an outlet for our country’s … to the Balkans, Austria and Germany.
6. Main industrial enterprises … planes, turbines, different kinds of machines and equipment, and various consumer ….
7. The country has a democratic political system which means that its … is headed by the president with strong powers, and its … is represented by a national parliament.
8 … in Ukraine is represented by the Supreme Court and the Constitutional Court.
| executive branch; judicial branch; diversity; plain; goods; legislative branch; boundary; lowlands; provide; tributaries; produce; trade |
Ex. 12 Find in the text and put down the answers to the questions in Ukrainian/Russian:
1. How many natural borders has Ukraine?
2. Are the main rivers of Ukraine important trade routes?
3. What is the structure of the political system of Ukraine?
4. What is the main trend of foreign policy in Ukraine?
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