Repetition is recurrence of the same element (word, word-combination, phrase) within a sentence.
According to the level of the repeated element repetitions may be classified into the following types:
1) morphological repetition (morpheme): wind-window, light-lightning
2) semantic repetition (one or several semantic components): table-chair, love-friendship, fire-snow
its subtype is called synonymic repetition: Joe was a mild, good-natured, sweet-tempered, easy-going, foolish dear fellow (Dickens)
3) lexical repetition: They talked and talked all night.
It is very, very good.
4) phrase repetition: They always disliked their neighbour, their neighbours’s noisy company, the very sight of their neighbour, in fact.
5) repetition of the whole sentence or a syntactical structure (syntactical parallelism): John kept silent; Mary was thinking; or: “The cock is crowing / The stream is flowing” (Wordsworth)
According to the position of the repeated unit in the consecutive clauses, sentences or phrases repetitions are classified into the following types:
1). ordinary repetition, which has no definite place in the sentence. In this case the repeated unit occurs in various positions. It emphasizes both the logical and emotional meaning of the repeated unit.
2). anaphora – the repeated unit comes at the beginning of successive sentences or clauses:
e.g. My heart’s in the Highlands, my heart is not here,
My heart’s in the highlands, a’chasing the deer… (R.Burns)
e.g. Today we do more to celebrate America, we rededicate ourselves to the very idea of America. An idea born in the revolution and renewed through two centuries of challenge. An idea ennobled by the faith that our nation can summon from its myriads of diversities the deepest measure of unity. An idea infused with the conviction that America’s long heroic journey must go forever forward. (B. Clinton, 1993)
Anaphora helps the reader to fix the repeated element in his memory and makes the text more rhythmical.
3) epiphora – the repeated element comes at the end
e.g. …he had tried life as a coronet of dragoons, and found it a bore; and afterwards tried it in the train of an English minister abroad, and found it a bore; and then strolled to Jerusalem, and got bored there; and then gone yachting about the world, and got bored everywhere. (Dickens)
Government is not the problem and not the solution. We – the American people – we are the solution. (B.Clinton)
Epiphora regularises the rhythm to a still greater extent than anaphora, it makes prose resemble poetry
A combination of anaphora and epiphora in two or more adjacent sentences is termed symploce: a word or phrase is used successively at the beginning of two or more clauses or sentences and another word or phrase with a similar wording is used successively at the end of them.
e.g. If he wishes to float into fairyland, he reads a book; if he wishes to dash into the thick of battle, he reads a book; if he wishes to soar into heaven, he reads a book. (Chesterton)
4) successive repetition – a string of ordinary repetitions closely following each other
e. g. Scrooge went to bed again, and thought, and thought, and thought it over, and over, and over (Dickens)
This is the most emphatic type of repetition, which signifies the peak of emotions of the speaker.
5) framing repetition – the beginning of the sentence is repeated at the end, the repetition
forms a ‘frame’ for the non-repeated part of the utterance:
e.g. Money is what he is after, money! (Galore).
Never wonder. By means of addition, multiplication and division, settle everything somehow, and never wonder (Dickens)
The function of framing repetition is to elucidate the notion mentioned at the beginning of the utterance. By the second mentioning of the same notion its semantics is specified and made more concrete.
5) anadiplosis (catch repetition, linking repetition) – the final element of one part of the utterance (clause, sentence, paragraph) is repeated at the very beginning of the next part:
e.g. With Bewick on my knee, I was then happy: happy at least in my own way. (Bronte).
We were talking about how bad we were – bad from a medical point of view. (Jerome)
Anadiplosis also serves to specify the semantics of the repeated unit.
6) chain repetition – several successive reduplications:
e.g. A smile came into Mr.Pickwick’s face, the smile extended into a laugh, the laugh into a roar, and the roar became general. (Dickens)
И вот начинается песня о ветре,/О ветре одетом в солдатские гетры, /О гетрах, идущих дорогой войны, /О войнах, которым стихи не нужны. (М.Светлов)
The effect of chain repetition is that of the smoothly developing logical reasoning.
The stylistic functions of repetitions are the following:
- to intensify the utterance,
- to emphasize the repeated element,
- to specify the repeated element,
- to create rhythm,
- to add emotional colouring to the utterance.
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