Britain's libraries help to maintain the wealth of English literature and culture. The British Council promotes knowledge of British culture overseas and maintains libraries in many of the 95 countries where it is represented. In Britain,The British Library, Britain's national library is one of the world's three largest. Many British novelists are internationally recognized. They include the Nobel prize-winner Sir William Golding, Martin Amis, A.S. Byatt and Jeanette Winterson. Well known poets include Ted Hughes, Tony Harrison and Wendy Cope.
The conception of the separation of powers has been applied to the United Kingdom and the nature of its executive (UK government, Scottish Government, Welsh Government andNorthern Ireland Executive), judicial (England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland) and legislative (UK Parliament, Scottish Parliament, National Assembly for Wales andNorthern Ireland Assembly) functions. Historically, the apparent merger of the executive and the legislature, with a powerful Prime Minister drawn from the largest party in parliament and usually with a safe majority, led theorists to contend that the separation of powers is not applicable to the United Kingdom. However, in recent years it does seem to have been adopted as a necessary part of the UK constitution.
The independence of the judiciary has never been questioned as a principle, although application is problematic. Personnel have been increasingly isolated from the other organs of government, no longer sitting in the House of Lords or in the Cabinet. The court's ability to legislate through precedent, its inability to question validly enacted law through legislative supremacy and parliamentary sovereignty, and the role of the Europe-wide institutions to legislate, execute and judge on matters also define the boundaries of the UK system.
46.
The passage of legislation is the House of Commons’ primary function. Almost all legislation proceeds from the majority party in the Commons, which forms the government and the cabinet; the latter is composed of senior ministers chosen by, and belonging to the party of, the prime minister, nearly all of whom serve in the House of Commons. The government’s main work in the Commons is to implement the legislative program on which it fought and won the last general election.
At the beginning of each new session of Parliament, the House elects from its members thespeaker, who presides over and regulates debates and rules on points of order and members’ conduct. The speaker does not participate in debates and votes only in order to break a tie, a case that compels the speaker to vote in favour of the status quo. The calling of members to speak in debate is entirely in the speaker’s hands, the main concern being to ensure that a variety of points of view is heard. By a convention of the constitution not established until the 20th century, the prime minister is always a member of the House of Commons, instead of a member of either house. The government party appoints the leader of the House of Commons, who manages the party’s legislative program. Except for occasional independents, members of both the government and opposition parties are under the control of party management within the Commons, whose discipline—particularly over voting—is exercised by members called “whips.”
47,
A constitutional monarchy may refer to a system in which the monarch acts as a non-party political head of state under the constitution, whether written or unwritten.[4] While the monarch may hold formal reserve powers and government may officially take place in the monarch's name, they do not set public policy or choose political leaders. Political scientist Vernon Bogdanor, paraphrasing Thomas Macaulay, has defined a constitutional monarch as "a sovereign who reigns but does not rule."[5] In addition to acting as a visible symbol of national unity, a constitutional monarch may hold formal powers such as dissolving parliament or giving Royal Assent to legislation. However, the exercise of such powers is generally a formality rather than an opportunity for the sovereign to enact personal political preference. In The English Constitution, British political theorist Walter Bagehot identified three main political rights which a constitutional monarch could freely exercise: the right to be consulted, the right to advise, and the right to warn. Some constitutional monarchs, however, retain significant power and influence and play an important political role.
48) The foreign policy of the United States - a set of foreign policy objectives and the methods used by the United States to other countries. The foreign policy is determined by the President and implemented by the State Department, headed by the Secretary of State.Official foreign policy doctrine is reduced to the interests of a more secure, democratic, and prosperous world for the benefit of citizens of the United States and the international community. The United States has played a critical role in international relations, with the most advanced in the world network of diplomatic missions. United States - a founding member of the United Nations and the North Atlantic Alliance, a member of the UN Security Council. US diplomacy takes an active part in the resolution of a significant number of international conflicts and disputes.
№ 49. Describe the essential differences between Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland and England.
The population of England and Wales was the result of the mixing of many nations, but now has a rather uniform composition.
England - a country of one language and many dialects and Wales - a bilingual region. Differences dialects in England are so great that difficulties arise when dealing with people who possess only a certain dialect.
The Anglican Church has official status in the UK, but in Wales it was 31 March 1920. In England there are two archbishopric - with residences in Canterbury and York. Before 1920 the church in Wales was part of the archbishopric of Canterbury. Now it forms an independent archbishopric called Church of Wales. In 1851 perpisyah not registered religion, but it is estimated that 2/3 of the natives of England belong to the Church of E As a major part of the UK, England is home to about 84% of the population of the United Kingdom and geographically covers approximately 57% of the UK. London - the capital of England and the largest city in the UK, was the ruling center of government in the United Kingdom since 1707. However, in 1999, Scotland and Wales have been given the power to self-government. Therefore, the Scottish Parliament and National Assembly for Wales now has some ruling power. ngland. The Church in Wales has 165 thousand. Member
Scotland UK occupies the upper part. Scotland was a separate country from England to 1603, when the King of Scotland, James VI, inherited the English throne. The country remained separate until the Acts of Union were passed in 1707, uniting the English and Scottish Parliaments united in the United Kingdom Parliament. By this time Britain already controlled Wales and Ireland.
Wales, on the other hand, occupies the south-western region of the United Kingdom and is separated from Ireland and Northern Ireland by the Irish Sea. Wales brings together a very complex history with England, embraced many centuries, but it is officially considered separate from England in 1955.
The last component of the United Kingdom, Northern Ireland, established in 1920 and is an independent Ireland. The relief of the southern and eastern parts of Great Britain and Northern Ireland - hilly upland and lowland oak woodlands. Ireland and Northern Ireland covers the western part of the island with from the UK. They are considered to be Irish, on the one hand, and the UK (England, Scotland and Wales), on the other. The structure of the British Isles includes thousands of small other islands. The island of Ireland, White, Hebrides, Isle of Man, Shetland, Channel, Orkney, Anglesey and the Isle of Scilly, are among the most famous in the British Isles.
№50. If the President can no longer serve, the Vice President becomes President. Is it true? Prove your answer.
Vice President of the United States shall be President
The Senate, but shall have no vote, unless
Senators are not equally divided.
The Senate shall elect other officers, as well as the Chairman
pro tempore during the absence of the Vice President, or execution
his duties as President of the United States.
The Electors shall meet in their respective states, and vote by ballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves; they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice-President, and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for as Vice-President and of the number of votes for each...
The person having the greatest Number of votes for President, shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed...
The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice-President, shall be the Vice-President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed...
Elections in accordance with Amendment 12
Twelfth Amendment seriously changed the electoral process works, but does not change the order of their election. It was first used in 1804. According to this amendment, each elector votes for president and vice president on separate ballots. In this case, the rule prohibiting vote for two candidates from one state to the elector preserved.It was clarified that the Vice-President shall act as President only if he is not elected. At the same time, Congress was right to determine who will perform the duties of the President if not elected neither the President nor Vice-President.
Upon the death, resignation, or removal from office of an incumbent President, the Vice President assumes the office. The President must be at least 35 years of age, has to have lived in the United States for 14 years, and has to be a "natural born" citizen of the United States.
№51 We elect a President for four years. Is it true? Prove your answer.
Under the United States Constitution, the President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. As chief of the executive branch and head of the federal government as a whole, the presidency is the highest political office in the United States by influence and recognition. The president is also the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is indirectly elected to a four-year term by an Electoral College (or by the House of Representatives, should the Electoral College fail to award an absolute majority of votes to any person). Since the ratification of the Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1951, no person may be elected President more than twice, and no one who has served more than two years of a term to which someone else was elected may be elected more than once.[1] Upon the death, resignation, or removal from office of an incumbent President, the Vice President assumes the office. The President must be at least 35 years of age, has to have lived in the United States for 14 years, and has to be a "natural born" citizen of the United States.
№52 The President is in charge of the executive branch. Is it true? Prove your answer.
In a presidential system the leader of the executive branch is both the head of state and head of government. In a parliamentary system, a cabinet minister responsible to the legislature is the head of government, while the head of state is usually a largely ceremonial monarch or president. In the United States, this branch of the government is controlled by the President and his cabinet.
The power of the Executive Branch is vested in the President of the United States, who also acts as head of state and Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces. The President is responsible for implementing and enforcing the laws written by Congress and, to that end, appoints the heads of the federal agencies, including the Cabinet. The Vice President is also part of the Executive Branch, ready to assume the Presidency should the need arise.
№53 If both the President and the Vice President can no longer serve, the Speaker of the House becomes President. Is it true? Prove your answer.
The Speaker is second in the United States presidential line of succession, after the Vice President and ahead of the President pro tempore of the U.S. Senate.[2] Unlike some Westminster system parliaments, in which the office of Speaker is considered non-partisan, in the United States, the Speaker of the House is a leadership position and the office-holder actively works to set the majority party's legislative agenda. The Speaker usually does not personally preside over debates, instead delegating the duty to members of the House from the majority party.
If the vice president cannot serve, the line of succession falls to the speaker of the House, then to the Senate president pro tempore, then to Cabinet members.
№54. The President of the USA signs bills to become laws. Is it true? Prove your answer.
A signing statement is a written pronouncement issued by the President of the United States upon the signing of a bill into law. They are usually printed along with the bill in United States Code Congressional and Administrative News (USCCAN).
During the administration of President George W. Bush, there was a controversy over the President's use of signing statements, which critics charged was unusually extensive and modified the meaning of statutes. The practice predates the Bush administration, however, and has since been continued by the Obama administration. [1] In July 2006, a task force of the American Bar Association stated that the use of signing statements to modify the meaning of duly enacted laws serves to "undermine the rule of law and our constitutional system of separation of powers ". [2]
№55. The President's Cabinet advises the President. Is it true? Prove your answer.
A cabinet is a body of high-ranking state officials, typically consisting of the top leaders of the executive branch, usually called ministers or some other title.
Members of the President's Cabinet act as his official advisory group and head executive departments. The President appoints members of his cabinet and the Senate must confirm them.
The Cabinet and independent federal agencies are responsible for the day-to-day enforcement and administration of federal laws. These departments and agencies have missions and responsibilities as widely divergent as those of the Department of Defense and the Environmental Protection Agency, the Social Security Administration and the Securities and Exchange Commission.
the heads of which are not part of the Cabinet, but who are under the full authority of the President. The President also appoints the heads of more than 50 independent federal commissions, such as the Federal Reserve Board or the Securities and Exchange Commission, as well as federal judges, ambassadors, and other federal offices.
The President’s Cabinet is composed of the principal appointed officers of departments of the executive branch of the federal government of the United States. The Cabinet meets weekly to advise the President on matters relating to the duties of their respective departments.
The President’s Cabinet is the principle information distribution, discussion, and deliberation forum for UNI. Cabinet advises the President and the Executive Management Team and provides effective, responsive, and informed leadership and recommendations to the university. The Cabinet meets to discuss policy and operational issues affecting the university; to offer recommendations and perspectives on university-wide policies and practices; and to serve as a sounding board for ideas and new initiatives.
№56. Democratic and Republican are the two major political parties in the United States. The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP (abbreviation for Grand Old Party), is one of the two major contemporarypolitical parties in the United States, the other being the Democratic Party. Founded by anti-slavery activists in 1854, the GOP dominated politics nationally and in most of the North for most of the period from 1860 to 1932. There have been 18 Republican presidents, the first being Abraham Lincoln, who served from 1861 until his assassination in 1865, and the most recent being George W. Bush, who served two full four-year terms 2001 to 2009. The most recent Republican presidential nominee was formerMassachusetts governor Mitt Romney who lost in 2012.
Republican Party [edit]
Main article: Republican Party (United States)
The Republican Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States of America. Since the 1880s it has been nicknamed (by the media) the "Grand Old Party" or GOP, although it is younger than the Democratic Party.
Founded in 1854 by Northern anti-slavery activists and modernizers, the Republican Party rose to prominence in 1860 with the election of Abraham Lincoln, who used the party machinery to support victory in the American Civil War. The GOP dominated national politics during the Third Party System, from 1854 to 1896, and the Fourth Party System from 1896 to 1932. Today, the Republican Party supports an American conservative platform, with further foundations in economic liberalism, fiscal conservatism, and social conservatism.
Former President George W. Bush is the 19th Republican to hold that office. The party's nominee for President of the United States in the 2012 presidential election was Mitt Romney, former Governor of Massachusetts. Since the 2010 midterm elections, the Republicans have held a majority in the United States House of Representatives.
USA Today 's review of state voter rolls indicates that registered Republicans declined in 21 of 28 states (not all states register voters by party) and that Republican registrations were down 350,000 in 2011. The number of independents rose in 18 states, increasing by 325,000 in 2011, and was up more than 400,000 from 2008, or 1.7%.[10]
Democratic Party [edit]
Main article: Democratic Party (United States)
The Democratic Party is one of two major political parties in the U.S. It is the oldest political party in the world.[7][8]
The Democratic Party, since the division of the Republican Party in the election of 1912, has positioned itself as the liberal party on domestic issues. The economic philosophy of Franklin D. Roosevelt, which has strongly influenced American liberalism, has shaped much of the party's agenda since 1932. Roosevelt's New Deal coalition controlled the White House until 1968 with the exception of Eisenhower 1953-1961.
In 2004, it was the largest political party, with 72 million voters (42.6% of 169 million registered) claiming affiliation.[9] The president of the United States, Barack Obama, is the 15th Democrat to hold the office, and since the 2006 midterm elections, the Democratic Party is the majority party for the United States Senate.
A 2011 USA Today review of state voter rolls indicates that registered Democrats declined in 25 of 28 states (some states do not register voters by party). Democrats were still the largest political party with more than 42 million voters (compared with 30 million Republicans and 24 million independents). But in 2011 Democrats numbers shrank 800,000, and from 2008 they were down by 1.7 million, or 3.9%.[10]
57.
At age eighteen (18) and older citizens have to be to vote for President. Is it true? Prove your answer.
In 1801 the right to vote in the United Kingdom was a severely restricted practice. Universal suffrage, on an equal basis for men and women over the age of 21, was established in 1929. Before 1918, general elections did not occur on a single day and polling was spread over several week. the right to vote was first accorded in democracies the voting age was generally set at 21, or in some cases even older. In the 1970s the voting age was reduced to 18 in many countries. Debate is currently under way in many places on proposals to reduce the voting age below 16.
58.
(George) Washington was the first President. Is It true? Prove your answer.
George Washington- was the first President of the United States (1789–1797), the Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States.[3] He presided over the convention that drafted the United States Constitution, which replaced the Articles of Confederation and remains the supreme law of the land. Washington was elected president as the unanimous choice of the electors in the elections of both 1788–1789 and 1792.[4] He oversaw the creation of a strong, well-financed national government that maintained neutrality in the wars raging in Europe, suppressed rebellion, and won acceptance among Americans of all types.[5] Washington established many forms in government still used today, such as the cabinet system and inaugural address.[6][7] His retirement after two terms and the peaceful transition from his presidency to that of John Adams established a tradition that continued up until Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected to a third term.[8] Washington has been widely hailed as "father of his country" even during his lifetime.
59.
Britain has a constitutional Monarchy in which the King or The Queen have unlimited powers. Is it true? Prove your answer.
Monarchy is the oldest form of government in the United Kingdom.
In a monarchy, a king or queen is Head of State. The British monarchy is known as a constitutional monarchy. This means that, while The Sovereign is Head of State, the ability to make and pass legislation resides with an elected Parliament.
Although the British Sovereign no longer has a political or executive role, he or she continues to play an important part in the life of the nation.
As Head of State, The Monarch undertakes constitutional and representational duties which have developed over one thousand years of history. In addition to these State duties, The Monarch has a less formal role as 'Head of Nation'. The Sovereign acts as a focus for national identity, unity and pride; gives a sense of stability and continuity; officially recognises success and excellence; and supports the ideal of voluntary service.
In all these roles The Sovereign is supported by members of their immediate family.
60.
Civil Servants are political appointees. Is it true? Prove your answer.
The Civil Service helps the government of the day develop and implement its policies as effectively as possible.
The Civil Service provides services directly to people all over the country, including:
paying benefits and pensions
running employment services
running prisons
issuing driving licences
They are co-ordinated and managed by the Prime Minister, in his role as Minister for the Civil Service. The most senior civil servant in a department is a permanent secretary. There are currently 412,000 civil servants on a full-time equivalent basis and 447,000 on a headcount basis. Almost three-quarters of civil servants work outside London and the south-east.
Women represent 53% of civil servants and 37% of senior civil servants.
9.6% of the service comes from an ethnic minority background.
8.6% have declared themselves as having a disability.
An international civil servant or international staff member is a civilian employee that is employed by an intergovernmental organization
61.
In Britain, the Government control the press (news and media). Is it true? Prove your answer.
UK newspapers can generally be split into two distinct categories, the more conservative and political newspapers, usually referred to as the broadsheets due to their large size, and sometimes known collectively as "the quality press", and less serious newspapers, generally known as tabloids, and collectively as "the popular press", which have tended to focus more on celebrity coverage and human interest stories rather than political reporting or overseas news. The tabloids in turn have been divided into the more sensationalist mass market titles, or "red tops", such as The Sun and The Mirror, and the middle-market papers, The Daily Express and The Daily Mail. All the major UK newspapers currently have websites, some of which provide free access. The Times and The Sunday Times have a paywall requiring payment on a per-day or per-month basis for non-subscribers. The Financial Times business daily also has limited access for non-subscribers.
62.
The Prime Minister is the head of the Commonwealth. Is it true? Prove your answer.
There are 32 countries with a prime minister as head of government in the Commonwealth. Sixteen are Commonwealth realms with Queen Elizabeth II as head of state, five are national (local) monarchies and 11 are republics. Prime ministers, who head governments, are in most cases elected by parliament and normally the leaders of the party or coalition with most seats in parliament. Exceptions include Brunei where the Sultan is prime minister, Swaziland where the prime minister is chosen by the King, and Cameroon where the selection is made by the president. In seven Commonwealth countries Guyana, Namibia, Kenya, Sri Lanka, Rwanda, Uganda and Tanzania the prime minister is not head of government. This brings the total number of prime ministers in the Commonwealth to 39.
The guide also insists immigrants must respect our rule of law, insisting: “There is no place in British society for extremism or intolerance”. It adds: “Everybody is expected to comply with the law and to understand that things which may be allowed in other legal systems are not acceptable In the UK.
“those who do not respect the law should not expect to be allowed to become permanent residents in the UK”
The Home Office said: “Putting our culture and history at the heart of the citizenship test will help ensure those permanently settling can understand British life, allowing them to properly integrate into our society”.
64. The Queen represents the UK to the rest of the world. Is it true? Prove your answer.
The Queen is Head of State in the United Kingdom. As a constitutional monarch, Her Majesty does not 'rule' the country, but fulfils important ceremonial and formal roles with respect to Government. She is also Fount of Justice, Head of the Armed Forces and has important relationships with the established Churches of England and Scotland. For the rest of the world The Queen is a figurehead representing her country; in Britain for many people Queen Elizabeth II and her family are a symbol they can identify with. The British public is obsessed with the details of the royal family’s life, and when people feel that The Queen has problems with her children, they see her as a real person with the same worries and anxieties as themselves.
65 вопрос
YES! It's true because A parliamentary system is a system of democratic governance of a state in which the executive branch derives its democratic legitimacy from, and is held accountable to, the legislature (parliament); the executive and legislative branches are thus interconnected. In a parliamentary system, the head of state is normally a different person from the head of government. This is in contrast to a presidential system in a democracy, where the head of state often is also the head of government, and most importantly, the executive branch does not derive its democratic legitimacy from the legislature.
66 вопрос
the Leader of the Opposition is the politician who leads the official opposition in the United Kingdom. There is also a Leader of the Opposition in the House of Lords. However since the Parliament Act 1911 (which followed, without legislation, the last Prime Minister in the House of Lords, the 3rd Marquess of Salisbury in 1902) there has been no dispute that the leader in the House of Commons is pre-eminent and holds the main title.
The Leader of the Opposition by convention leads the largest party not within the government: where one party wins outright this is the party leader of the second largest political party in the House of Commons. He or she is normally viewed as an alternative Prime Minister, and is a member of the Privy Council.
67)Irish language - the language of the Irish, one of the Celtic languages; along with the Scottish and Manx belongs to goydelskoy subgroup of this group.Official language of the Irish Republic. June 13, 2005 was decided to include the Irish in the working languages of the European Union, which entered into force on 1 January 2007. goda.Po official data, the Irish Government (2004), in the Republic of Ireland, there are 1,570,894 people owning Irish. Of these, 339,541 use Irish in everyday communication, 155039 resort to it once a week, 585,300 - less 459 657 - almost never, and 31 357 did not answer the question about frequency of use of language. However, many activists of the Irish language and professional linguists put these data into question. Many consider the number of carriers that use the language in everyday communication, only 65 000 people. The number of Irish owning a greater or lesser degree is estimated to be 167,487 in Northern Ireland and 25 870 in the United States.
68)British electoral system, as well as any electoral system has several disadvantages, such as a significant part of the population is not represented in the government, and the party that wins the elections, fewer votes than its rivals, it may be represented in Parliament by a majority of deputies mest.V the same time majoritarian system used in the UK, is simple and straightforward. It does not require any complicated calculations or obscure for ordinary voters maneuvers with the general lists. One of its advantages - a close link between MPs and voters. Since single-member districts, each member in the singular is his district. Compete in the elections is not faceless lists and candidates whose personal qualities izbiratelyam.Pravo care about the parliamentary elections are British citizens who have attained 18 years of age and not detached, in accordance with the law of the voting process. Citizens of the countries of the British Commonwealth and the Republic of Ireland, also have the right to vote.Can not participate in the voting members of the House of Lords; foreign citizens residing permanently in the United Kingdom; persons officially declared incapacitated; in involuntary obtained in psychiatric hospitals; serving a prison sentence; convicted in the past five years for corruption or torts * during elections. Voting in elections is not compulsory
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