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Depression – in economics, a long period of decline in the business cycle that is characterized by sharply reduced industrial production, widespread unemployment, serious declines or cessations of growth in construction activity, and great reductions in international trade and capital movements. Unlike minor business contractions that may occur in one country independently of business cycles in other countries, severe depressions have usually been nearly worldwide in scope. The Great Depression beginning in 1929, for example, was the most severe and widespread economic decline in the 20th century. Recession – in economics, a downward trend in the business cycle characterized by a decline in production and employment, which in turn causes the incomes and spending of households to decline. Even though not all households and businesses experience actual declines in income, their expectations about the future become less certain during a recession and cause them to delay making large purchases or investments. In recessions, the decline in output can be traced to a reduction in purchases of durable household goods by consumers and of machinery and equipment by businesses, and a reduction in additions of goods to inventories. The greatest effect is probably on inventories; businessmen stop adding to their inventories and become more willing to draw on them to fill production orders. The decline in inventories thus has a double impact on production volume. Whether a recession develops into a severe and prolonged depression depends on a number of circumstances. Among them are the extent and conditions of credit extended during the previous period of prosperity, the amount of speculation permitted, the ability of government monetary and fiscal policies to reverse the downward trend, and the amount of excess productive capacity in existence.
VII. Translate the following words and phrases from Russian into English.
Депрессия; даже если; фирма; испытывать; откладывать; покупки; инвестиция; объем производства; прослеживать; товары длительного пользования; потребитель; машинное оборудование; дополнение; материально-производственные запасы; пользоваться; исполнить производственный заказ; удар; объем производства; длительный; обстоятельства; размер и условия кредита; предшествующий период; сокращать; промышленное производство; широко распространенный; безработица; строительство; сокращение; международная торговля; движение капитала; в отличие от; незначительное сокращение деловой активности; цикл деловой активности; мировой масштаб; рецессия; тенденция к понижению; занятость; в свою очередь; вызывать; доходы; семейные расходы; процветание; поворачивать в противоположном направлении; дополнительный; производительная способность; в наличии; спекуляция; валютная политика; фискальная политика.
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