The Financier is Dreiser’s 1912 novel following his most well known work, Sister Carrie. The Financier is set during the 1860s and '70s, though little dates the work as a whole, for the lead character, Frank Cowperwood, could be any corrupt CEO living on Wall Street today.
Dreiser takes readers into Frank’s early years, noting the young boy’s interest in banking, but it is an early incident upon seeing a squid and a lobster in a tank together that makes the biggest impression upon young Frank, forcing him to wonder just "how is life organized?"
“The squid couldn’t kill the lobster - he had no weapon. The lobster could kill the squid - he was heavily armed. There was nothing for the squid to feed on; the lobster had the squid as prey. What was the result to be?”
Frank learns early that if one is going to thrive, he must aim to be the lobster and not the squid. He sees that money holds power, and so he embarks on a number of early business ventures where he views the men he works for as “nothing more than characters in his eyes” and does so without maliciousness. In fact, Frank isn’t malicious at all - he’s just indifferent towards anything that does not immediately benefit him.
Frank simply has a sense of entitlement and no personal reservations about looking down on others. Looking to satisfy his own immediate interests, he is not someone pondering the country’s current issue with slavery or any issue outside himself. This fact does not make Frank evil, but merely narcissistic and ultimately... realistic. After all, how many people today go to bed worrying over those who might lose their homes to foreclosure or those starving in Third World countries?
Eventually, Frank falls into a loveless marriage, and experiences some tension when he becomes involved with a much younger woman - Aileen, who is the daughter of a business partner. The two work at keeping the affair quiet, but eventually the secret emerges, among a number of other shady practices Frank has been involved in.
There are parts to the novel that can be dry to read - notably the intimate details Dreiser provides readers involving the Philadelphia banking industry during the Civil War days. Problems arise when Chicago suffers a great fire in 1871, and the monies that Frank’s business had been investing fall through. Many begin asking for their money back, and Frank must try to prevent bankruptcy. Although the detail is necessary when it comes to providing insight into Frank’s character and just how much weight is involved within his scandals, not all of it is necessary.
This threat of bankruptcy becomes not only a business failure, but a personal one as well. Frank craves money because in it carries power. Most want money, he realizes, but not for money alone. “They want it for what it will buy in the way of simple comforts, where as the financier wants it for what it will control - for what it will represent in the way of dignity, force, power.”
Once Frank’s shady business practices become exposed, he must face a trial and eventual jail time. The book drags a bit during the trial period, and could have benefited from some trimming. Yet the interesting point Dreiser makes is that Frank is by no means exceptional in his corruption, he’s just unlucky because he’s the one who has been branded a scapegoat and the one who gets caught. Had it been any other time, the blame could have easily fallen upon one of his partners, since backstabbing and cheating are rampant.
There is a particularly interesting scene where a black man is being accused of having stolen a lead pipe, and he is told that punishment for such a crime could be up to one year hard labor, yet ultimately the black man is spared this punishment, and released with only a warning. Though the man who pardons him approaches the black man with such condescension - acting as though he is somehow doing him a favor by not granting him this severe punishment for such a minor crime. Meanwhile, Frank’s crime of stealing thousands of dollars is not viewed as harshly. Inevitably, Frank does go to jail for his crime, but ultimately, given the times, he will thrive once again, where as the black man will forever in his lifetime be under the oppressive thumb of white man racism.
The Financier is certainly an excellent book, but like the lead character, it is not without its flaws. Parts could have certainly been trimmed, and the love triangle among Frank, his much younger lover Aileen, and his wife Lillian could at times dip into soap-opera tendencies. While a well-written and excellent portrayal of greed, The Financier falls just slightly short of his great earlier novel Sister Carrie, though Dreiser’s best skills remain those involving character insights and their mechanical indifference felt towards others. Just as the young Frank viewed his early bosses as “nothing more than characters,” note how he views the women in his life:
Cowperwood looked at his wife with unflinching eyes... She was no longer attractive physically, and intellectually she was not Aileen’s equal... she was lacking in certain social graces. Aileen was by no means vastly better, but she was still young and amenable and adaptable, and could still be improved.
Even the women in his life he views more as business ventures than people. Yet the sad thing is, this is very common among our shallow culture. Empathy and sympathy simply do not exist for some, and there are many big names today one could compare Frank Cowperwood to. One can say he is despicable, but he is not unusual in his despicable nature. In fact, he is just like everyone else within his calculated cosmos, though he was just unlucky and got caught. And that is what he regrets - not his crimes. The key to succeeding is to stay lucky and turn everyone around you into a fearful squid, leaving them with nothing to wait for, except the inevitable pinch from the claws of power. Just ask my old boss. Thankfully I left that job years ago.
Across
1. What was Dreiser’s father name?
3.The novel which was written in 1912
5. From the very beginning Dreiser fought against the _______ writers who idealized capitalist America.
7. The novel in which Dreiser says that American workers must follow the example of the Soviet Union.
8. What was Dreiser’s mother name?
9. One of the first Dreiser’s novels.
11. The novel which was published only after the writer’s death.
13. Who is the lead character in “The Financier”?
Down
1. The novel which was written in 1911
2. Which novel tells of the fate of an artist in the bourgeois world?
4. Whose life was described in Dreiser’s first two novels?
6. What was the name of the young salesman, Carrie met on the long train ride?
10. Where was Dreiser born?
12. Where did Caroline Meeber go to?
Ernest Hemingway
(1899 - 1961)
Ernest Hemingway was one of the greatest American writers of his age. He was born in Oak Park, Illinois, in the family of a doctor. His father was fond of hunting and fishing and in his school-days Ernest became an excellent sportsman. He played football, was a member of the swimming team and learned to box, as a result of which his nose broken and an eye injured. At school he was a successful pupil. He wrote poetry and prose for the school literary magazine and edited the school newspaper.
In 1917, when the United States entered World War I, Hemingway wanted to join the army but was refused because of his eyes. Then he left home and went to Kansas City. He lived in his uncle’s house and worked as a newspaper reporter. In 1918 he tried to join the army again and was given the job of driving American Red Cross ambulances on the Italian front. Two month later he was badly wounded in the leg. He was taken to a hospital in Milan were he had twelve operations. After a period of time he returned to the army. Hemingway was awarded a silver medal by the Italian Government. His war experience influenced the life and all the works of the writer.
In 1920 Hemingway returned to the United States and began to work as a foreign correspondent of a newspaper.
Now he was earning enough to support himself by his pen and he began writing stories. His dream was to become a novelist. To get the material for his future stories and novels Hemingway travelled all over the world. He visited Spain, Switzerland, Germany and other countries. His first work, “Tree stories and Tem Poems”, was written in 193. It was followed by other collections of stories. Hemingway’s first novel, “The Sun Also Rises”, known in our country as “Fiesta”, was published in 1926. Then followed his masterpiece, the novel “A Farewell to Arms”, a protest against war. It was published in 1929 and made the author famous.
Hemingway continued to write short stories which were published under the title “Men Without Women”. The collection includes “The Killer”, “In Another Country” and others. Here the author shows the disappointment of young people in the post-war world, which was ruled by the dollar.
In 1935 Hemingway published his novel “The Green Hills of Africa” in which the author expresses the idea that nature and art are the two thing that live long in the world.
When the Civil War in Spain began in 1936, Hemingway took part in is as a anti-fascist correspondent. The writer saw the heroic struggle of the republicans and his political ideas changed. In the works written later he shows sharp social conflicts (“The Fifth Column”,1938). After the end of the Civil War in Spain Hemingway wrote one of his best novels, “For Whom the Bell Tolls”, where he speaks about the Americans who died in the fight for the republic in Spain.
During World War II Hemingway was a correspondent. In 1941 he sent a telegram to the Soviet Government in which he expressed his solidarity with the Soviet people in their heroic struggle against the fascists.
The last year of his life Hemingway spent in Cuba, visiting the USA and Spain. He loved freedom and supported the revolution in Cuba. Hemingway’s last work “The Old Man and the Sea” (1952), is about the courage of an old fisherman, who was fighting a big fish and the sea for many hours and won the victory over them. In 1954 the author was awarded the Nobel prize for literature and “The Old Man and the Sea” was mentioned as one of his best works.
In 1960 he returned to the United States and very soon died there.
“For Whom the Bell Tolls”
This novel traces three days in the life of Robert Jordan, an American Spanish professor who has volunteered to fight for the Loyalists in the Spanish Civil War. Jordan is a dynamite expert, and is ordered by General Golz, a Russian leader of the International Brigades, to bomb a bridge as part of their offensive against the Fascists. Golz is only interested in the offensive as a means of practicing his military tactics and he is cynical about its success in the hands of the Spanish peasants.
Anselmo, an old guide, brings Jordan through the woods to the hideout, an abandoned cave, of the men who will help him complete his mission. The guerillas that Jordan encounters obviously do not want to be involved in the war any longer. They meet Agustin in the woods, visibly relieved to see them because he has forgotten the password to their lair. The gypsy Rafael, despite being the guard, is only interested in cracking jokes. He tells Jordan about Kashkin, the previous foreign dynamite expert who, ironically, killed himself after being wounded during their last mission, the explosion of a train. The most cynical and despondent guerilla, however, is Pablo, their leader. Despite being a courageous man before, Pablo now wants only to return to his village to raise the horses he gained as spoils of war. Many conflicts arise between Pablo and Jordan, as the Pablo resents that a foreigner is interfering in a matter that can risk his own life and those of his band.
There are also two women at the camp: Pilar, who is Pablo's wife, and Maria, a girl they rescued from the train carrying prisoners of war. Despite her cropped hair, which was shaved during her interment by the Fascists and the obvious psychological damage wrought upon her, she is beautiful. Pilar is an ugly woman, but celebrated for her bravery. Since Pablo "went bad" and lost the courage and zeal he displayed at the beginning of the war, Pilar maintains the unity of his band. Pilar is a gypsy and, upon introductions, reads Jordan's palm. The future she foretells there, but will not reveal, is grim.
Pablo's cowardice soon makes him relinquish power to Pilar, his bold wife. Pablo announces that he is against blowing up the bridge, but Pilar backs Robert Jordan and the men follow her lead. After the confrontation, Rafael tells Jordan that he should have killed Pablo, and that he would have had the support of the guerillas. Jordan reasons that, unprovoked, this would be assassination. As Pablo continues to insult and cause trouble of Jordan throughout the novel, Jordan wonders if he made the right decision.
After the confrontation with Pablo, during the night after the first day, Jordan makes love to Maria when she comes to his makeshift bed outside the cave. The nineteen-year-old girl, who has been raped and orphaned, has fallen quickly and madly in love with Jordan. She believes that her love will purify her from past atrocities committed to her. Jordan returns her feelings, as he has gazed upon her all day with a lump in his throat. He celebrates finding, for the first time, happiness in unity with another individual.
Jordan's newfound love, however, is overshadowed by the many obstacles he must face to complete his mission. The appearance of enemy planes, for one, heighten tension at the camp because either they are planning an attack of their own, or have gotten wind of the Loyalist offensive. So too, when Maria, Pilar and Jordan journey up the mountain to the guerilla leader El Sordo's camp, he reminds them of how dangerous the bridge mission is. He agrees to help them, but as they leave camp it begins to snow. Now, the enemy could be able to follow El Sordo's tracks to the bridge.
The only person who really encourages Jordan is Anselmo, who he finds loyally waiting in his post, despite the storm, for Jordan to dismiss him. Besides being a loyal soldier who is committed to the Cause, Anselmo is distinguished as a true humanitarian. He is preoccupied not with the thought of losing his own life during the attack on the bridge, but rather fears that Jordan will order him to kill another human being. He sees the enemy not as evil Fascists, as do the others, but as poor countrymen like themselves.
Pablo again makes trouble for Jordan on the second day, when he baits him about his relationship with Maria. Jordan tries to goad him into fighting, as this would be an appropriate time to kill him for the sake of the mission. Pablo refuses to be baited, however, and later resumes a cooperative mood. Jordan trusts him less than ever, and grows increasingly worrisome about the success of the mission. Thus, Jordan feels his time is limited, which is evidenced by his urgent need to make love to Maria.
The next morning, Jordan is awakened by the sounds of an approaching enemy horseman. Jordan shoots the soldier, and the camp frantically scrambles to arm themselves with a machine gun that did not even come with directions. Tension mounts as Fascist troops pass by the camp. Jordan acts as the example of level-headedness for his men, as Agustin wants to kill the passing soldiers. Then, sounds come from El Sordo's. His camp is attacked and bombed, and they all are killed. Primitivo urges Jordan to help El Sordo, but Jordan knows that the bridge mission must be his priority, even over the lives of his comrades. Thus, the guerillas remain undiscovered for the time being. The fighting between El Sordo and the Fascists, led by Lieutenant Berrendo, show how neither side really wants to fight or die. Jordan sends a young guerilla, to General Golz with news of El Sordo's defeat and a request that the offensive be cancelled.
The last night before the attack is very eventful. Maria is inflicted by pain, so the couple discusses their future and their luck in finding each other. Jordan, however, thinks that being unable to make love is a bad omen. Indeed, his presentiment comes true when Pilar wakes him with the news that Pablo, ever treacherous, has fled with some dynamite.
Jordan is worried now that his plan won't work. Jordan does not have enough men and Pablo stole the equipment he needed to blow the bridge correctly. It is highly unlikely that the attack will be postponed, even if Andres does deliver the message to General Golz. Pablo returns that morning accompanied by five extra men and their horses, claiming that he is not a coward after all and will help blow the bridge.
The apathy and inefficiency of the Loyalist army stalls Andres, and the message does not reach General Golz in time. The bridge bombing must proceed. At the bridge, Jordan orders Anselmo to kill the sentry, which he tearfully accomplishes. Then they dynamite the bridge, and Anselmo is killed by a falling rock. In the ensuing fighting, the only guerillas who survive are Pablo, Pilar, Maria, Primitivo and Agustin. Jordan is hit by a shell as they escape on horseback and is unable to escape. He tells Maria that they will always be one person, and refuses to be shot out of mercy. His comrades give him a machine gun so that he can defend himself from the approaching enemy. Jordan fights pain and suicidal thoughts with the hope that he can buy time for the fleeing guerillas. The novel closes here, as Jordan awaits his certain death on the pine-covered ground he appeared on in the first scene.
The Old Man and the Sea
There is an old fisherman in Cuba, Santiago, who has gone eighty-four days without a catch. He is "thin and gaunt with deep wrinkles in the back of his neck,...and his hands had deep-creased scars from handling heavy fish on the cords. But none of these scars were fresh. They were as old as erosions in a fishless desert". Santiago's lack of success, though, does not destroy his spirit, as his "cheerful and undefeated" eyes show. He has a single friend, a boy named Manolin, who helped him during the first forty days of his dryspell. After forty days, though, Manolin's parents decided the old man was unlucky and ordered their son to join another boat. Despite this, the boy helps the old man to bring in his empty boat every day.
Santiago tells Manolin that tomorrow he will go out far in the Gulf to fish. The two gather Santiago's things from his boat and go to the old man's house. His house is very simple with a bed, table, and chair on a dirt floor. The two friends speak for a while, then Manolin leaves briefly to get food. Santiago falls asleep.
When Manolin returns, he wakes Santiago. The two eat the food the boy has brought. During the course of the meal, the boy realizes the squalor in which the old man lives and reminds himself to bring the old man a shirt, shoes, a jacket, and a blanket for the coming winter. Manolin and Santiago talk baseball for a while, and the boy then leaves to be woken in the morning by the old man. Santiago sleeps.
Santiago dreams of Africa, where he traveled as a shipmate in his youth. "He lived along that coast now every night and in his dreams he heard the surf roar and saw the native boats come riding through it....He dreamed of places now and lions on the beach". The old man wakes and retrieves the boy from his house. The two take the old man's supplies from his shack to his boat and enjoy coffee at an early morning place that serves fisherman. The boy leaves to fetch the sardines for the old man. When he returns, he wishes the old man luck, and Santiago goes out to sea.
Santiago leaves shore early in the morning, before sunrise. "He knew he was going far out and he left the smell of the land behind and rowed out into the clean early morning smell of the ocean". Soon, Santiago rows over the "great well," a sudden drop of seven hundred fathoms where shrimp, bait fish, and squid congregate. Moving along, Santiago spots flying fish and birds, expressing great sympathy for the latter. As he queries, "Why did they make birds so delicate and fine as those sea swallows when the ocean can be so cruel? She is kind and very beautiful. But she can be so cruel....".
Santiago keeps pressing out, past the great well where he has been recently unsuccessful. Santiago sees a man-of-war bird overhead and notices that the bird has spied something in the water. The old man follows near the bird, and drops his own lines into the area, hoping to capture the fish the bird has seen. There is a large school of dolphin traveling fast, too fast for either the bird or Santiago to capture. Santiago moves on, hoping to catch a stray or perhaps even discover a marlin tracking the school. He catches a small tuna after not too long and then feels a bite on one of his deeper lines.
The first bite is hard, and the stick to which the line is connected drops sharply. The next tug is more tentative, but Santiago knows exactly what it is. "One hundred fathoms down a marlin was eating the sardines that covered the point and the shank of the hook where the hand-forged hook projected from the head of the small tuna". Encouraged by a bite at so deep a depth so far out in the Gulf, Santiago reasons that the fish much be very large.
The marlin nibbles around the hook for some time, refusing to take the bait fully. Santiago speaks aloud, as if to cajole the fish into accepting the bait. He says, "Come on....Make another turn. Just smell them. Aren't they lovely? Eat them good now and then there is the tuna. Hard and cold and lovely. Don't be shy fish. Eat them". After many false bites, the marlin finally takes the tuna and pulls out a great length of line.
Santiago waits a bit for the marlin to swallow the hook and then pulls hard on the line to bring the marlin up to the surface. The fish is strong, though, and does not come up. Instead, he swims away, dragging the old man and his skiff along behind. Santiago wishes he had Manolin with him to help.
As the sun goes down, the marlin continues on in the same direction, and Santiago loses sight of land altogether. Expressing his resolve, Santiago says, "Fish,...I'll stay with you until I am dead". He expresses ambivalence over whether he wants the fish to jump, wanting to end the struggle as quickly as possible but worrying that the hook might slip out of the fish's mouth. Echoing his former resolve though with less certainty, Santiago says, "Fish,...I love you and respect you very much. But I will kill you dead before this day ends".
A small bird land on the boat, and while Santiago is speaking to the bird, the marlin lurches forward and pulls the old man down, cutting his hand. Lowering his hand to water to clean it, Santiago notices that the marlin has slowed down. He decides to eat a tuna he has caught in order to give him strength for his ordeal. As he is cutting the fish, though, his left hand cramps. "What kind of hand is that," Santiago says, "Cramp then if you want. Make yourself into a claw. It will do you no good". The old man eats the tuna, hoping it will renew his strength and help release his hand.
Just then, the marlin comes out of the water quickly and descends into the water again. Santiago is amazed by its size, two feet longer than the skiff. He realizes that the marlin could destroy the boat if he wanted to and says, "… Thank God, they are not as intelligent as we who kill them; although they are more noble and more able". Santiago says prayers to assuage his worried heart, and settles into the chase once again.
As the sun sets, Santiago thinks back to triumphs of his past in order to give himself more confidence in the present. He remembers a great arm-wrestling match he had at a tavern in Casablanca. It had lasted a full day and a night, but Santiago, El Campeon (The Champion) as he was known then, eventually won. "He decided that he could beat anyone if he wanted to badly enough and he decided that it was bad for his right hand for fishing". He tried to wrestle with his left hand but it was a traitor then as it had been now.
Recalling his exhaustion, Santiago decides that he must sleep some if he is to kill the marlin. He cuts up the dolphin he has caught to prevent spoiling, and eats some of it before contriving a way to sleep. Santiago wraps the line around himself and leans against the bow to anchor himself, leaving his left hand on the rope to wake him if the marlin lurches. Soon, the old man is asleep, dreaming of a school of porpoises, his village house, and finally of the lions of his youth on the African beach.
Santiago is awoken by the line rushing furiously through his right hand. The marlin leaps out of the water and it is all the old man can do to hold onto the line, now cutting his hand badly and dragging him down to the bottom of the skiff. Santiago finds his balance, though, and realizes that the marlin has filled the air sacks on his back and cannot go deep to die. The marlin will circle and then the endgame will begin.
At sunrise, the marlin begins a large circle. Santiago holds the line strongly, pulling it in slowly as the marlin goes round. At the third turn, Santiago sees the fish and is amazed by its size. He readies the harpoon and pulls the line in more. The marlin tries desperately to pull away. Santiago, no longer able to speak for lack of water, thinks, "You are killing me, fish....But you have a right to. Never have I seen a greater, or more beautiful, or a calmer or more noble thing than you, brother. Come on and kill me. I do not care who kills you". This marlin continues to circle, coming closer and pulling out. At last it is next to the skiff, and Santiago drove his harpoon into the marlin's chest.
"Then the fish came alive, with his death in him, and rose high out of the water showing all his great length and width and all his power and his beauty". It crashed into the sea, blinding Santiago with a shower of sea spray. With the glimpse of vision he had, Santiago saw the slain beast laying on its back, crimson blood disseminating into the azure water. Seeing his prize, Santiago says, "I am a tired old man. But I have killed this fish which is my brother and now I must do the slave work".
Having killed the Marlin, Santiago lashes its body alongside his skiff. He pulls a line through the marlin's gills and out its mouth, keeping its head near the bow. "I want to see him, he thought, and to touch and to feel him. He is my fortune, he thought". Having secured the marlin to the skiff, Santiago draws the sail and lets the trade wind push him toward the southwest.
An hour after Santiago killed the marlin, a mako shark appears. It had followed the trail of blood the slain marlin left in its wake. As the shark approaches the boat, Santiago prepares his harpoon, hoping to kill the shark before it tears apart the marlin. "The shark's head was out of water and his back was coming out and the old man could hear the noise of skin and flesh ripping on the big fish when he rammed the harpoon down onto the shark's head". The dead shark slowly sinks into the deep ocean water.
Two hours later, two shovel-nosed sharks arrive at the skiff. After losing his harpoon to the mako, Santiago fastens his knife to the end of the oar and now wields this against the sharks. He kills the first shark easily, but while he does this, the other shark is ripping at the marlin underneath the boat. Santiago lets go of the sheet to swing broadside and reveal the shark underneath. After some struggle, he kills this shark as well.
Santiago apologizes to the fish for the mutilation he has suffered. He admits, "I shouldn't have gone out so far, fish....Neither for you nor for me. I am sorry, fish". Tired and losing hope, Santiago sits and waits for the next attacker, a single shovel-nosed shark. The old man succeeds in killing the fish but breaks his knife blade in the process.
More sharks appear at sunset and Santiago only has a club with which to beat them away. He does not kill the sharks, but damages them enough to prevent their return. Santiago then looks forward to nightfall as he will be able to see the lights of Havana, guiding him back to land. He regrets not having cleaved off the marlin's sword to use as a weapon when he had the knife and apologizes again to the fish. At around ten o'clock, he sees the light of Havana and steers toward it.
In the night, the sharks return. "By midnight he fought and this time he knew the fight was useless. They came in a pack and he could only see the lines in the water their fins made and their phosphorescence as they threw themselves on the fish". He clubs desperately at the fish, but the club was soon taken away by a shark. Santiago grabs the tiller and attacks the sharks until the tiller breaks. "That was the last shark of the pack that came. There was nothing more for them to eat".
Santiago "sailed lightly now and he had no thoughts nor any feelings of any kind". He concentrates purely on steering homewards and ignores the sharks that came to gnaw on the marlin's bones. When he arrives at the harbor, everyone is asleep. Santiago steps out of the boat, carrying the mast back to his shack. "He started to climb again and at the top he fell and lay for some time with the mast across his shoulder. He tried to get up. But it was too difficult and he sat there with the mast on his shoulder and looked at the road". When he finally arose, he had to sit five times before reaching home. Arriving at his shack, Santiago collapsed on his bed and fell asleep.
Manolin arrives at the shack while Santiago is still asleep. The boy leaves quickly to get some coffee for Santiago, crying on his way to the Terrace. Manolin sees fisherman gathered around the skiff, measuring the marlin at eighteen feet long. When Manolin returns to the shack, Santiago is awake. The two speak for a while, and Manolin says, "Now we will fish together again," To which Santiago replies, "No. I am not lucky. I am not lucky anymore". Manolin objects, "The hell with luck....I'll bring the luck with me". Santiago acquiesces and Manolin leaves to fetch food and a shirt.
That afternoon there are tourists on the Terrace. A female tourist sees the skeleton of the marlin moving in the tide. Not recognizing the skeleton, she asks the waiter what it is. He responds in broken English "eshark," thinking she wants to know what happened. She comments to her partner that she didn't know sharks had such beautiful tails. Meanwhile, back in Santiago's shack, the old man "was still sleeping on his face and the boy was sitting by him watching him. The old man was dreaming about lions"
Дата добавления: 2015-09-11; просмотров: 89 | Поможем написать вашу работу | Нарушение авторских прав |