Читайте также:
|
Definition of green economic
The green economy is defined as an economy that results in reducing environmental risks and ecological scarcities, and that aims for sustainable development without degrading the environment. It is closely related with ecological economics, but has a more politically applied focus.[1][2] The 2011 UNEP Green Economy Report argues "that to be green, an economy must not only be efficient, but also fair. Fairness implies recognising global and country level equity dimensions, particularly in assuring a just transition to an economy that is low- carbon, resource efficient, and socially inclusive." [3]
A feature distinguishing it from prior economic regimes is the direct valuation of natural capital and ecological services as having economic value (see The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity and Bank of Natural Capital) and afull cost accounting regime in which costs externalized onto society via ecosystems are reliably traced back to, and accounted for as liabilities of, the entity that does the harm or neglects an asset.[4]
Green Sticker and ecolabel practices have emerged as consumer facing measurements of friendliness to the environment and sustainable development. Many industries are starting to adopt these standards as a viable way to promote their greening practices in a globalizing economy. Green economy and the related field of ecological economics share many of their perspectives with feminist economics, including the focus on sustainability, nature, justice and care values.
ВМЙ«ѕјГКЗЦёѕјГЅб№ыФЪјхЙЩ»·ѕі·зПХєНЙъМІ»Чг,їЙіЦРш·ўХ№,Дї±кКЗІ»ОЫИѕ»·ѕі.УлЙъМѕјГС§КЗГЬЗРПа№ШµД,µ«ФЪХюЦОЙПЛЖєхёьУ¦УГµДЅ№µгЎЈ2011ДкБЄєП№ъ»·ѕіКрВМЙ«ѕјГ±ЁёжИПОЄЎ°ХвКЗВМЙ«ѕјГІ»Ѕц±ШРлКЗёЯР§µД,µ«ТІ№«ЖЅЎ±ЎЈ№«ЖЅТвО¶ЧЕіРИПИ«ЗтєН№ъјТІгГжµД№ЙИЁ·ЅГж,УИЖдКЗФЪ±ЈЦ¤Ц»КЗ№э¶ЙµЅµНМјѕјГ,ЧКФґР§ВКєНЙз»б°ьИЭРФЎ±ЎЈ№¦ДЬЗш·ЦЛьєНЦ®З°µДѕјГМеЦЖЧФИ»ЧК±ѕµДЦ±ЅУјЫЦµєНЙъМ·юОсѕЯУРѕјГјЫЦµєНТ»ёцНкХыµДіЙ±ѕєЛЛгіЙ±ѕНвІї»ЇµЅЙз»бХюИЁНЁ№эЙъМПµНіКЗїЙїїµШЧ·ЛЭµЅјЖИлёєХ®,КµМеЙЛє¦»тєцКУБЛЧКІъЎЈВМЙ«МщЦЅєНЙъМ±кЗ©КµјщТСіЙОЄГжПтПы·СХЯµДІвБї¶Ф»·ѕіУСєГєНїЙіЦРш·ўХ№ЎЈРн¶аРРТµТІїЄКјІЙУГХвР©±кЧјЧчОЄТ»ёцїЙРРµД·ЅКЅНЖ№гЧФјєµДВМ»ЇКµјщФЪѕјГИ«Зт»ЇЎЈВМЙ«ѕјГєНЙъМѕјГС§µДПа№ШБмУтУлЕ®ИЁЦчТеѕјГС§·ЦПнЛыГЗµДРн¶а№Ыµг,°ьАЁЧўЦШїЙіЦРшРФ,ЧФИ»,ХэТеєН±ЈЅЎјЫЦµЎЈ
Green economists and economists
"Green economics" is loosely defined as any theory of economics by which an economy is considered to be component of the ecosystem in which it resides (after Lynn Margulis). A holistic approach to the subject is typical, such that economic ideas are commingled with any number of other subjects, depending on the particular theorist. Proponents of feminism, postmodernism, the ecology movement, peace movement, Green politics, green anarchism and anti-globalization movement have used the term to describe very different ideas, all external to some equally ill-defined "mainstream" economics.
Ў°ВМЙ«ѕјГЎ±КЗЛЙЙў¶ЁТеОЄИОєОѕјГС§АнВЫµДѕјГ±»ИПОЄКЗЙъМПµНіµДЧйјюЧ¤Бф(БЦ¶ч·Вн№ЕАыЛ№Ц®єу)ЎЈХвёц»°МвКЗµдРНµДХыМе·ЦОц,ХвСщѕјГЛјПлУлИОТвКэБїµДЖдЛыїЖДї»мєП,ёщѕЭМШ¶ЁµДАнВЫјТЎЈЦ§іЦХЯµДЕ®ИЁЦчТе,єуПЦґъЦчТе,ЙъМФЛ¶ЇЎўєНЖЅФЛ¶Ї,ВМЙ«ХюЦОЎўВМЙ«ОЮХюё®ЦчТеєН·ґИ«Зт»ЇФЛ¶ЇУГХвёцґКАґРОИЭ·ЗіЈІ»НµДПл·Ё,ЛщУРНвІїТ»Р©НСщІ»ГчИ·µДЎ°ЦчБчЎ±ѕјГС§ЎЈ
Some economists view green economics as a branch or subfield of more established schools. For instance, it is regarded as classical economics where the traditional land is generalized to natural capital and has some attributes in common with labor and physical capital (since natural capital assets like rivers directly substitute for man-made ones such as canals). Or, it is viewed as Marxist economics with nature represented as a form of Lumpenproletariat, an exploited base of non-human workers providing surplus value to the human economy, or as a branch of neoclassical economics in which the price of life for developing vs. developed nations is held steady at a ratio reflecting a balance of power and that of non-human life is very low.
Т»Р©ѕјГС§јТИПОЄВМЙ«ѕјГС§µДТ»ёц·ЦЦ§»т·ЦЦ§µДЅЁБўС§РЈЎЈАэИз,Ль±»ИПОЄКЗ№ЕµдѕјГС§ґ«НіµДНБµШКЗ№гТеЧФИ»ЧК±ѕєНУРТ»Р©№ІНµДКфРФ,АН¶ЇєНОпЦКЧК±ѕ(ТтОЄєУБчµИЧФИ»ЧК±ѕЧКІъЦ±ЅУґъМжИЛФмФЛєУµИµД)ЎЈ»тХЯ,Ль±»КУОЄВнїЛЛјЦчТеѕјГС§УлЧФИ»±нКѕОЄБчГҐОЮІъЅЧј¶µДТ»ЦЦРОКЅ,АыУГ»щµШµД·ЗИЛАаµД№¤ИЛМṩИЛАаѕјГКЈУајЫЦµ,»тХЯКЗРВ№ЕµдѕјГС§µДТ»ёц·ЦЦ§,·ўХ№ЦР№ъјТУл·ўґп№ъјТµДЙъ»оµДґъјЫКЗ±ЈіЦОИ¶Ё±ИВК·ґУіБЛИЁБ¦ЖЅєвєН·ЗИЛАаµДЙъГьКЗ·ЗіЈµНµДЎЈ
An increasing commitment by the UNEP (and national governments such as the UK) to the ideas of natural capital and full cost accounting under the banner 'green economy' could blur distinctions between the schools and redefine them all as variations of "green economics". As of 2010 the Bretton Woods institutions (notably the World Bank and International Monetary Fund (via its "Green Fund" initiative) responsible for global monetary policy have stated a clear intention to move towards biodiversity valuation and a more official and universal biodiversity finance.
ФЅАґФЅіРЕµУЙБЄєП№ъ»·ѕі№ж»®Кр(єНУў№ъµИ№ъјТХюё®)µДПл·ЁЧФИ»ЧК±ѕєНИ«іЙ±ѕєЛЛгЖмЦДПВЎ°ВМЙ«ѕјГЎ±їЙТФДЈєэЗш±рѧУєНЦШРВ¶ЁТеЎ°ВМЙ«ѕјГЎ±µД±д»ЇЎЈ2010ДкІјАЧ¶ЩЙБЦ»ъ№№(МШ±рКЗКАЅзТшРРєН№ъјК»х±Т»щЅрЧйЦЇ(imf)(НЁ№эЖдЎ°ВМЙ«»щЅрЎ±јЖ»®)ёєФрИ«Зт»х±ТХюІЯ№ж¶ЁТ»ёцГчИ·µДТвНјЧЯПтЙъОп¶аСщРФјЫЦµєНёьХэКЅµДєНЖХ±йµДЙъОп¶аСщРФИЪЧКЎЈ
Taking these into account targeting not less but radically zero emission and waste is what is promoted by the Zero Emissions Research and Initiatives. The UNEP 2011 Green Economy Report informs that "based on existing studies, the annual financing demand to green the global economy was estimated to be in the range US$ 1.05 to US$ 2.59 trillion. To place this demand in perspective, it is about one-tenth of total global investment per year, as measured by global Gross Capital Formation.
їјВЗµЅХвР©Дї±к¶шІ»КЗёьЙЩµ«НкИ«БгЕЕ·ЕєНАЛ·СКЗБгЕЕ·ЕµДСРѕїєННЖ№гµДјЖ»®ЎЈ2011ДкБЄєП№ъ»·ѕі№ж»®КрВМЙ«ѕјГ±ЁёжНЁЦЄ,Ў°»щУЪПЦУРСРѕїЦР,Дк¶ИИЪЧКРиЗуВМЙ«И«ЗтѕјГ№АјЖФЪ1.05ГАФЄµЅ2.59НтТЪГАФЄІ»µИЎЈ°СХвёцРиЗуµДЅЗ¶ИАґїґ,ЛьКЗГїДкИ«ЗтН¶ЧКЧЬ¶оµДК®·ЦЦ®Т»,ТФИ«ЗтЙъІъЧЬЦµ(gdp)євБїЧК±ѕРОіЙЎЈ"
Karl Burkart defines a green economy as based on six main sectors:
Land management
Karl BurkartВМЙ«ѕјГµД¶ЁТеКЗ»щУЪБщёцЦчТЄБмУт:
їЙФЩЙъДЬФґ
ВМЙ«ЅЁЦю
їЙіЦРшЅ»НЁ
Л®Фґ№ЬАн
·ПОп№ЬАн
НБµШ№ЬАн
The International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) representing global business defines green economy as Ў°an economy in which economic growth and environmental responsibility work together in a mutually reinforcing fashion while supporting progress on social developmentЎ±.
№ъјКЙМ»б(ICC)ґъ±нИ«ЗтТµОс¶ЁТеВМЙ«ѕјГЧчОЄТ»ЦЦѕјГЦР,ѕјГФці¤єН»·ѕіФрИОПаёЁПаіЙµД·ЅКЅТ»Жр№¤Чч,Ц§іЦЙз»б·ўХ№µДЅшХ№ЎЈ
In 2012, the ICC published the Green Economy Roadmap, containing contributions from experts from around the globe brought together in a two-year consultation process. The Roadmap represents a comprehensive and multidisciplinary effort to clarify and frame the concept of Ў°green economyЎ±. It highlights the essential role of business in bringing solutions to common global challenges. It sets out the following 10 conditions which relate to business/intra-industry and collaborative action for a transition towards a green economy:
№ъјКРМКВ·ЁНҐФЪ2012Дкіц°жµДВМЙ«ѕјГВ·ПЯНј,°ьАЁАґЧФКАЅзёчµШµДЧЁјТѕЫјЇФЪТ»ёцБЅДкµДРЙМ№эіМЎЈВ·ПЯНјґъ±нТ»ёцЧЫєПРФЎў¶аС§їЖЕБ¦іОЗеєНВМЙ«ѕјГµДёЕДоїтјЬЎЈЛьЗїµчБЛТµОсµДЦШТЄЧчУГЅ«іЈјыµДИ«ЗтРФМфХЅµДЅвѕц·Ѕ°ёЎЈЛь№ж¶ЁБЛТФПВ10ёцМхјюУлТµОс/ІъТµДЪєНРЧчРР¶ЇПтВМЙ«ѕјГ№э¶ЙЎЈ
l їЄ·ЕєНѕєХщµДКРіЎЦё±кЎў
l»бјЖєН±Ёёж
l ІЖОсєНН¶ЧК
l ТвК¶
l ЙъГьЦЬЖЪ·Ѕ·Ё
l ЧКФґР§ВКєН·ЦАл
l ИЛФ±
l ЅМУэєНјјДЬ
l ЦОАнєН»п°й№ШПµ
l ЧЫєПХюІЯєНѕцІЯ
Дата добавления: 2015-09-11; просмотров: 104 | Поможем написать вашу работу | Нарушение авторских прав |
| <== предыдущая лекция | | | следующая лекция ==> |
| Author: LEKAN POPOOLA Esq | | | Criticisms |