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stability of articulation

According to the work of the vocal cords and the force of the air stream.

voiced (lenis) voiceless (fortis) consonants*.

* sonorants do not enter fortis-lenis opposition

According to the position active organs of speech and the place of obstruction.

(1) Labial

a) Bilabial – produced with both lips.

b) Labiodental – lower lip against the edge of the upper teeth.

(2) Lingual

a) forelingual (interdental, dental, alveolar, post-alveolar, palato-alveolar)

b) mediolingual (palatal – /j/)

c) backlingual (or velar)

(3) Glottal (/h/)

3 According to the manner of noise production and type of the obstruction:

1) complete closure – occlusive (stop or plosive) and nasal consonants

2) incomplete closure – constrictive consonants

3) the combination of 2 closures – occlusive-constrictive or affricates

4) intermittent closure – rolled or trilled consonants

4 According to the position of the soft palate:

1) Oral (soft palate – raised)

2) nasal

Vowels:

Principles of classification:

I) position of the lips

II) position of the tongue

III) degree of tenseness and the character of the end

IV) length

V) stability of articulation

Position of the lips

¨ 1) rounded

¨ 2) unrounded

Position of the tongue

A) horizontal movements

¨ Fully back /ɒ, ɔ:, u:/

¨ Back-advanced /ʊ, ɑ:/

¨ Central (mixed) /ɜ:, ə, ʌ/

¨ Front retracted /ɪ/

¨ Fully front /i:, e, æ/

b) Vertical movements

High, close /i:, ɪ, ʊ, u:/

Mid-, half-open /e, ɜ:, ə, ɔ:/

Low, open /ʌ, æ, ɑ:, ɒ/

Degree of tenseness and the character of the end

¨ Tense (long)

¨ Lax (short)

Length

Long and short

stability of articulation

a) Monophthongs (simple vowels)

b) Diphthongs (complex or gliding vowels) - 2 elements: nucleus + glide