As the research above shows, Standard Scottish English includes some features from RP, Standard English. So the links that connect the varieties are distinct. As we know the national language has two material forms: written (literary) and spoken (speech of nation). Generally the standards of written language are the same throughout country, while the spoken form varies from locality to locality. So it is accepted to distinguish three large forms of pronunciation in England:
· RP southern English pronunciation
· Northern English pronunciation
· Standard Scottish pronunciation.
RP (Received Pronunciation) is the accent described as ‘typically British’, it is probably the most widely studied through the world. It is present even in Scotland and Northern Ireland but it is losing its prestige status in Wales. RP is a young accent in linguistic terms, but it is changing and evolving.
Northern England’s English is usually called Northern English, which is the pronunciation of those who was born and brought up in the regionbetween Birmingham and the border of Scotland. This is the pronunciation spoken in cities like Manchester, Leeds and Liverpool.It includes the North-East England dialects, such as Cumbrian, Yorkshire, etc. Northern English is one of the major groups of English dialects. It is partially referred to Scottish English.
The chief distinction between Scottish English and other varieties of English is phonological. Scottish English has fewer vowels than, for example, southern English varieties of English. Scottish English tends to contain fewer diphthongs, and the vowels are often more familiar to speakers of other languages. Syntactic peculiarities are found in the contact varieties of English and some syntactic characteristics have been retained from contact speech. The most archaic varieties of Scottish English have not gone through the Great Vowel Shift. The diphthong which nowadays Standard English has in words like down is still represented by a monophthong [u:], while but sound is still an unshifted [u]. So, a number of Scottish characteristics are found. Most noticeable of those are in the area of phonology:
A strongly retroflex [r]
Lack of vowel length contrasts so that words like full and fool are homophones.
Sound hw in words with the initial diagraph (which, what)
The presence of [ei] for English [o:] in Scottish words like home, ghost.
There is a distinction between front and back short vowels before [r] as in germ [džɛrm] and burn [bʌrn].
The inherited sound [x] is still found in traditional varieties and initial [h] as well as [ʍ] for [hw].
[or] and [ur] are contrasted so that shore and sure are pronounced differently, as are pour and poor.
[r] before [l] is strong
[p], [t] and [k] are not aspirated in more traditional forms, but in current forms they a slightly aspirated.
In most varieties there is no distinction between these two sounds [æ] – [a:], therefore the words like bath, trap, palm have the same vowel.
[θs] is used in plural nouns (baths, youths, etc.)
Vowel length is generally regarded as non-phonemic, however the distinctive part of Scottish English is the Scots vowel length rule. Some vowels are generally long, but they are shortened before nasals and voiced plosives. Some vowels from Standard English are absent.
Scots vowel-length rule affects the Standard Scottish pronunciation.
Pure vowels:
[ɪ] – [ɪ] bid, pit
[i] – [i] bead, peat
[ɛ] – [ɛ] b e d, pet
[e ɪ] - [e] bay, hey, fate
[æ] - [a] bad, pat
[ɑː] – [a] balm, father, pa
[ɒ] - [ɔ] bod, pot, cot
[ɔː] – [ɔ] bawd, paw, caught
[o ʊ] – [o] beau, hoe, poke
[ʊ] – [ʉ] good, foot, put
[uː] – [ʉ] booed, food
[ʌ] – [ʌ] bud, putt
Diphthongs
[аɪ] – [a e] ~ [əi] buy, ride, write
[a ʊ] – [ʌu] how, pout
[ɔɪ] – [oi] boy, hoy
[juː] – [jʉ] hue, pew, new
Besides those pure vowels, there are also ‘r-colored vowels’:
[ɪr] – [ɪr] mirror (also in fir)
[ɪər] – [ir] beer, mere
[ɛr] – [ɛr] berry, merry (also in her)
[ɛər] – [er] bear, mare, Mary
[ær] – [ar] barrow, marry
[ɑr] – [ar] bar, mar
[ɒr] – [ɔr] moral, forage
[ɔr] – [ɔr] born, for
[ɔər] – [or] boar, four, more
[ʊər] – [ur] boor, moor
[ʌr] – [ʌr] hurry, Murray (also in fur)
[ɜr] (ɝ) – [ ɪr], [ ɛr], [ʌr] bird, herd, furry
Scottish English avoids coda /rl/, /rm/, /lm/ clusters. Instead of these clusters, Scottish English tends to have such pairs as pearl/peril [pɛrɪl]. Compared to other varieties, there is an extra weak syllable in world [wʌrld], farm[fɑrʌm] or film[fɪlɪm]. Such extra syllables are obligatory in broader speech, but may be lexicalized in SSE.
Most of the sounds are not shown, while printing be careful please.
Дата добавления: 2015-09-11; просмотров: 81 | Поможем написать вашу работу | Нарушение авторских прав |