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Computers in our life

CONTENTS

PART I

a) centre, city, cybernetics, exceed, device, science, civil, facilities, certificate, physicist, decease,;

b) country, education, faculty, college, co-operation, computing, complex, economy, contracts, care, physics, according;

c) special, specialists, specialities, specializations, academician, physician, artificial.

A. NTUU “KPI” education meets the standards of the world-known universities at a reasonable tuition fee.

B. Many students go in for different kinds of sport according to their liking.

C. Its first president was Academician Vernadsky.

D. 70% of the NTUU “KPI” teachers have scientific degrees.

E. Our University also takes care of students’ leisure for a well-organized leisure is a very important factor in bringing up young specialists.

F. The first enrolment constituted 360 students.

G. Many students are accommodated in 21 hostels.

H. It is well known not only in our country but abroad as well.

The National Technical University of Ukraine “Kiev Polytechnic Institute” (NTUU “KPI”) is one of the oldest and biggest higher educational institutions in Ukraine. 1. ___H___.

This University is situated not far from the centre of the city in a beautiful shady park. At present the number of students in the NTUU “KPI” exceeds 50000. They obtain qualifications on more than 70 specialties. There are 19 educational faculties, 5 educational-research institutes, 15 research institutes and 6 engineering centers in the NTUU “KPI”.

Among them there is the Department of information and computing technique that trains students in such fields of technology as: cybernetics, automation, computing technique. Electric power engineering and automation department trains specialists in electrical networks and electric systems, power plants, high voltage technique, cybernetics of electrical systems. At the Radio-engineering department young people get diploma of the designers of the radio-electric devices. At the Physics-engineering department students will become metallurgists and specialists studying metals and alloys, powder metallurgy and others.

The NTUU “KPI” graduates work at numerous enterprises and research institutions all over the country and abroad.

The teaching staff of our institute consists of highly qualified teachers, professors and scientists. 2. _______. Among them there are academicians and corresponding members of the Academy of Sciences, professors, and merited scientists.

Training of full-time students lasts 5 years and 6 months, of tuition by correspondence - 5 years 10 months. 3. _______. 3 of them are at the disposal of married students. So, almost all non-Kyiv students are provided with hostel facilities.

The Institute was founded in 1898. It had only four departments: mechanical, chemical, agricultural and civil engineering ones. 4. _______.

The first rector of the Institute was Professor V.L. Kirpichov, an outstanding Russian scientist in the field of mechanics and strength of materials.

Some Institutes were organized on the NTUU “KPI” basis. Among them are: the Civil Engineering Institute, Technological Institute of Light and Food Industry, the Institute of Civil Aviation, Automobile and Road Building Institute, Agricultural (now Agricultural Academy) and others. In 1934 - 1944 the KPI was called an Industrial Institute.

A large number of prominent people worked and studied at the KPI: E. O. Paton, the founder of electric welding; M. L. Konovalov, a well-known chemist; L. P. Bardin, the greatest metallurgist in the country; A. M. Luylka, the chief of aeroplane engines and S. P. Korolyov, the great designer of spaceships. President of the First Examining Board in chemistry faculty was Dmitry Mendeleyev.

Scientists of the University are engaged in researching up to date trends of the contemporary development of the human society, as follows:

· Monitoring and protection of environment;

· Liquidation of consequences of nuclear and technological disasters;

· Development of up to date technologies;

· Information networks and development of information telecommunication technologies;

· Aircraft and space technologies;

· Problems of energy saving and development of energy saving technologies;

· Exploration and use of human resources and others.

A number of new economic and humanitarian faculties - Management and Marketing, Law, Sociology, Linguistics, Sports Training, were formed besides traditional technical faculties. They revealed opportunities for young people to obtain besides technical specialties, the second higher education in humanities or economic field and to become qualified interpreter or manager. 5. _______. The University has its Preparatory Department where foreign entrants, within 10 months course study Ukrainian, Russian, English, Mathematics, Physics, Biology and other subjects in the scope that is necessary for further mastering of the university program.

The most active international scientific and technological co-operation is carried out by the departments of the University with the partners from Poland, Germany, Bulgaria, Denmark, Lebanon etc. Lately the relations with China, USA, Italy, Vietnam, and Spain have become more active. The University carries out the student’s exchange program according to the agreements on collaboration.

The University has at its disposal a decease-prevention centre for employers and students. 6. _______.

The Knowledge square becomes the centre of the whole NTUU “KPI” complex. It has about 105x100m. Meetings, festivals, consecration into students take place here. In summer the square is decorated with lamps, fountains, flowerbeds.

Great importance is attached to the development of physical culture at our University. There are many sport grounds, football field, volleyball and basketball courts at students’ disposal. 7. _______. It helps them to keep their body healthy and strong. There are lots of rated athletes among the students of the NTUU “KPI”. The names of many of them are well known all over the country.

вищий навчальний заклад, тінистий парк, отримувати кваліфікацію, перевищувати, науково-дослідний інститут, випускники, численні підприємства, викладацький склад, науковий ступінь, студенти денної форми навчання, заочне навчання, бути заснованим, перший набір, ректор, опір матеріалів, електрозварювання, екзаменаційна комісія, сучасні напрямки, захист довкілля, наслідки, інформаційні мережі, енергозбереження, людські ресурси, відкривати можливості, відповідати стандартам, підготовче відділення, співпраця, програма обміну студентами, угоди про співробітництво, мати в розпорядженні, дозвілля, виховання, відбуватись, посвячення в студенти.

one of the oldest and biggest, abroad, to be situated, to exceed, to obtain qualification on, research institute, NTUU “KPI” graduates, numerous enterprises, teaching staff, highly qualified, scientific degrees, corresponding members of the Academy of Sciences, full-time students, tuition by correspondence, to be accommodated in, married students, to be provided with, to be founded, enrolment, mechanics and strength of materials, the founder of electric welding; metallurgist, engine, designer of spaceships, to be engaged in researching, human society, protection of environment, up to date technologies, energy saving, exploration of human resources, to reveal opportunities, higher education, to meet the standards, foreign entrants, to carry out, agreements on collaboration, to have at disposal, decease-prevention centre, to take care, well-organized leisure, bringing up young specialists, consecration into students, to take place, to go in for different kinds of sport, rated athletes.

1. В КПІ студенти отримують кваліфікацію за багатьма спеціальностями.

2. Випускники КПІ стають знавцями в різних галузях: кібернетика, комп’ютерні технології, інженерія, металургія та інше.

3. Студенти вчаться 5 років і 6 місяців та живуть в гуртожитках.

4. В інституті працюють видатні науковці та спеціалісти.

5. Багато студентів КПІ приїхали з різних країн Європи, Африки та Азії.

6. Щорічно КПІ підписує угоди та договори з іноземними партнерами.

7. Кафедри проводять науково-дослідну роботу.

8. Багато відомих спортсменів навчались в КПІ.

1. I _____ the freshman.

2. She _____ very diligent student.

3. Studying at the NTUU _____ hard and interesting task for all students.

4. Our students _____ proud of their University.

5. We _____ the champions in the sphere of knowledge.

6. There _____ a book on the table.

7. There _____ two measuring devices.

8. There _____ an article about atoms and two scientific works.

1. educational, one, Ukraine, of, higher, the oldest, is, The, institutions, in, KPI.

2. the rector, executive, head, The, a university, of, is.

3. academic, highest, Philosophy, is, the Doctor, The, of, degree.

4. KPI, studied, of, people, at the, number, A, large, prominent.

Task 11. Answer the following questions:

1. When was the Institute founded?
2. How many departments did the Institute have? Enumerate them.
3. Who was the first rector of the Institute?
4. Who was the President of the First Examining Board?
5. What Institutes were organized on the KPI basis?

× The place of the NTUU “KPI” among the higher educational institutions of Ukraine;

× Faculties and Institutes of the University;

× Career opportunities for the University graduates.

The following information can be included:

× The foundation of KPI.

× The present day status of KPI.

× What famous people worked and studied in KPI?

× Buildings, hostels, sport facilities.

× The international scientific and technological co-operation of the University.

a) suggest, geological, emergence, mineralogist, geochemistry, geologist, large, bridge, engineering, technologies, metallurgy, energy, digital, engine;

b) slag, gradual, group, organization, significant, gas, recognize, grow, great, big, global, begin, integral, goods, manganese, grain, agriculture;

c) design, sign, foreign, highly, light, tight, night.

A. The most prominent philosopher in Ukraine in the 18-th century was H.Skovoroda.

B. British science has a lot of innovations, too.

C. Numerous important researches have been conducted in Ukraine.

D. Together with Oleksander Fersman he was the first to suggest the use of radioactivity in studying geological processes.

E. A fundamentally new and highly efficient method of raising the quality of special steels and alloys, the electro-slag re-melting method has been devised in Ukraine under the direction of B. Paton.

F. The first electronic computing machine in Europe was designed by our countryman S. Lebedev in 1951.

G. Scientific achievements not only crystallise productive experience, but are also precursors of natural production.

H. He is also considered to be the father of electronic welding.

The emergence of science as a system of knowledge of the laws of development of nature and society was preceded by a long period of gradual accumulation of the practical experience of men and the development of their thinking. 1. G.

The Academy of Sciences of Ukraine which up to 1956 was called the All-Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, is the highest scientific institution of Ukraine. In the autumn of 1918 group of well-known scientists, headed by V.Vernadsky, elaborated a project for the organization of the All-Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, which was realised in 1919. Its first president was Academician Vernadsky. He was a prominent naturalist, mineralogist, the founder of geochemistry and biochemistry, the creator of the biosphere theory. 2. _______. He was also the first to estimate the age of the most ancient elements of the Earth surface as being 4.5 billion years old.

A significant event in the cultural life of Ukraine was the institution of the Kiev-Mohila College in 1652, which was converted into an academy in 1701. In the 18th century the Kyivo-Mohyla Academy was the main scientific centre of Ukraine whose most famous representatives of that time were N. Maksymovich and O. Shumlyansky. 3. _______. He dreamed of a society based on principles of social equality and democracy.

Ukraine has contributed many outstanding scientists to the world. The 19th and 20th centuries produced such outstanding scientists as the mathematicians M.Ostrogradsky and A. Pohorelov, the linguists O. Bodynsky, A. Potebnya, the historians V. Antonovich, M. Hrushevsky and D. Bahaliy, the orientalist A.Krumsky, the geologist P. Tutkovsky, the physicians V. Obraztsov, M. Strazhesko, V. Filatov, the lawyer M. Vasylenko and many others.

Ukrainians are also proud of the fact that only several months after the nucleus of the atom was split by the English physicists G. Cockroft and E. Walton in 1932, the same result was achieved in one of the laboratories of Kharkiv Institute of Physics and Technology headed by I. Kurchatov and A. Ioffe. Nobel Prize laureate Academician Lev Landau worked in Kharkiv for many years, heading the Institute of Physics and Technology. Another Nobel Prize laureate Ilya Mechnikov was born in Kharkiv region, studied in Kharkiv National University and worked there for a long time. 4. _______. The famous astronomer Academician Mykola Barabashov made significant discoveries concerning Mars, Moon and Venus. Ukrainian scientists made their contribution into the development of space explorations. The Southern Machine Building plant and Kharkiv “Khartron” designed and launched hundreds of artificial Earth satellites including the famous “Zenith”.

The large body of scientists of Ukraine has contributed greatly to the development of world science. 5. _______. Among the results of such researches are: the development of the first computers in the former USSR, important advances in the field of electric welding, cybernetics, the technology and organisations of industrial production of artificial diamonds. Achievements in geological science and the application of new techniques in geological prospecting in Ukraine have led to the discovery of payable oil and gas deposits that has made it possible to supply gas to most of the large cities and many populated areas of the Republic and to increase its power resources. Ukrainian science develops through mutual enrichment with the experience of the scientific centres of different countries.

Ukrainian scientists have made significant contribution to the development of aerodynamics, the theory of mechanisms and machines, automatic control, filtration theory. Large scale research in mechanics was and is being carried on at university departments in Kiev and Lviv and at polytechnic institutes in Kiev and Odessa.

The world famous Ukrainian scientists are Volodymir Vernadsky and Yevhen and Boris Patons. Yevhen Paton was an outstanding Ukrainian constructor, famous for his contribution in bridge-building and welding. He studied Engineering in Dresden (Germany) and St. Petersburg, and in 1904 became a professor of Kyiv Polytechnic Institute where he headed the bridge-testing laboratory. Evhen Paton designed over 35 bridges, including the famous bridge across the Dnipro River that was named after him. 6. _______. Systematic and fundamental work in the field of electric welding in the Ukraine was started by this eminent scientist on whose initiative the Institute of electric welding was organized in 1954. The institute was universally recognized as one of the centres of world welding science. Work on different problems of welding is carried out by B.Paton, V.Lebedev, B.Medovar, A. Makara and others.

The Institute of Electric Welding the director of which Evhen Paton had been till his very death, developed his theory and mastered the highly productive hidden welding technique which is used world-wide. His son Boris succeeded him and became an outstanding scientist, too. For many years he headed the institute founded by his father and was the President of Ukrainian Academy of Sciences. 7. _______. The Ukrainian Institute of Electronic Welding and the American aviation and space firm “Pratt and Wiltny” established a joint research centre and an enterprise to develop the technologies of new materials, using the technique of speed electronic beam evaporation and vacuum condensation. They also founded a joint venture “Paton-Weld” to develop the Ukrainian metal-non-metal, ceramic, and to market them in the USA and other countries.

Research in special alloy and powder metallurgy was started in Ukraine in the mid 19-th century at the Kharkiv and later at the Kiev Polytechnic Institutes.

Great achievements of the Ukrainian school of science are highly appreciated and recognized all the world over.

система знань, поступове накопичення, наукові досягнення, передвісник, біохімія, значна подія культурного життя, земна поверхня, головний науковий центр, видатні представники, пишатися, співвітчизник, штучний супутник, зварювання, автоматичне управління, спільне підприємство, порошкова металургія.

emergence of science, the laws of development of nature and society, to crystallise productive experience, to elaborate a project, the creator of the biosphere theory, the Earth surface, significant event, society based on principles of social equality and democracy, to design and launch satellites, large body of scientists, the field of electric welding, cybernetics, industrial production of artificial diamonds, the father of electronic welding, hidden welding technique, to head, speed electronic beam evaporation, joint venture.

the last, condensation, to decrease, natural, small

to create – creator, creation, creature, creative, creativity;

to weld – a weld, welder, welding, weldability;

to build – bulder, building, rebuild.

Model: to listen – listener - слухач

1. Поступове накопичення практичного досвіду це основа людського розвитку.

2. В усьому світі використовують досягнення українських науковців у сфері електрозварювання.

3. Науковці проводять масштабні дослідження в таких галузях, як кібернетика, фізика, порошкова металургія та інші.

4. Києво-Могилянська Академія стала серцем української науки.

5. Євген Патон очолював лабораторію тестування мостів.

6. Науковці детально розробляють все нові і нові проекти.

1. Scientist ______ (to work) at the laboratory every day.

2. At present more and more forests _____ (to disappear) because of fires.

3. Many people _____ (to recycle) rubbish nowadays.

4. Water ___ (to boil) at 100°C and _____ (to freeze) when the temperature ____ (to drop) below 0°C.

a) computers, years, numbers, thousands, needs, kinds, spheres, hundreds, schools, lessons, questions, rhymes, games;

b) notes, ropes, marks, scientists, achievements, components, digits, checks, subjects, experts;

c) diagnoses, messages, switches, sentences, properties, capabilities.

A. But he never built it.

B. In their opinion, computers block the imagination and spontaneity of young people.

C. The educated man of 25 — 30 years ago did not need to know anything about computers.

D. You can use a computer to write a letter, design a house, draw a picture or exchange messages with someone around the world.

E. Nearly one hundred and fifty years ago there were no such things as computers.

F. Every day we hear about new uses of the computer.

G. There are three kinds of computers: digital, analogue and hybrid.

H. It used thousands of electrical switches that clicked on and off to compute data.

The educated man of 200 years ago did not need to know anything about science. 1. C. But the educated man of today needs to have some significant knowledge of science and a little significant knowledge about computers.

The computer is no doubt the most amazing achievement of mankind. It is a data storage system created by man. A human tells the machine what to do, when to do it and how it should be done.

The word computer comes from a Latin word which means to count. 2. _______. Knotted ropes, marks in clay, the abacus are all methods of keeping track of numbers.

In 1833 an English inventor and mathematician Charles Babbage, professor of Cambridge University designed the first computer. 3. _______. If Babbage had been able to get enough money to build the computer, the analytical engine would have been as big as a locomotive. It would have been able to store 1,000 50-digit numbers.

During the 70 years following Babbage’s death in 1871, computer scientists improved on Babbage’s original idea. In 1939, Harvard University physicist Howard Aiken built the forerunner of today’s computer. 4. _______. It was much slower than later computers, which use electronic components instead of switches.

In our country the first electronic digital computer MACM was constructed by the Ukrainian Academician S. O. Lebedev in 1950. Such computers as BESM, Minsk, Ural, Razdan-3, M-20, M-220, Nairi-3, Strela, Dniepr were created in our country.

5. ______. An analogue computer computes by using physical analogue of numerical measurements. A digital computer computes by using numbers or digits. A hybrid computer is a machine which combines some of the properties of digital and analogue computers.

Invention of electronic computers is one of the greatest achievements of mankind. The significance of it can be compared with the invention of the steam-engine and the utilisation of atomic energy.

Nowadays computers greatly increase man’s thinking capabilities of planning, analysing, computing and controlling. Hundreds of computers are already in daily use. They penetrate almost into all spheres of our modern society, from nuclear energy production and missile design to the processing of bank checks, weather forecasting, manufacturing, research and medical diagnoses. Computers are everywhere. 6. _______.

Computer technology is a rapidly growing industry. According to the technical experts it is very educational. They say that computers help children to learn much more quickly. In some Japanese elementary schools there are already lessons on using computers. For older children the electronic diary was produced. Many young people in Tokyo use it for taking notes, doing homework, drawing and keeping telephone numbers. There’s also some equipment which is like an electronic teacher. This computer answers questions on all scholastic subjects from biology to geography. At home the computer is becoming a kind of technological grandmother. It sings nursery rhymes, tells fairy stories and helps with homework. But young people’s true passion is videogames. Some experts are alarmed. 7. _______. And there are a lot of videogames which are violent and not educational.

освічена людина, базові знання, найбільш дивовижне досягнення людства, помітки на глині, винахідник, аналітичний двигун, попередник, комп’ютер змішаного типу, розробка ракет, прогноз погоди, електронний щоденник, для того щоб, найпростіша мова програмування, більш повний, виводити математичні формули, перевага, програмне забезпечення, комп’ютерне обладнання, надзвичайний технологічний розвиток, промислове підприємство, ефективна робота.

data storage system, knotted ropes, marks in clay, abacus, keeping track of numbers, as big as a locomotive, the forerunner of today’s computer, exchange messages with someone, rapidly growing industry, a kind of technological grandmother, true passion, to communicate with computer, the first mechanical calculator, a problem oriented high level programming language, a household word, to indicate the degree of modernity, the working out.

computer, knowledge, forerunner, digital computer, PASCAL, software, hardware.

1. to get …, 2. to build …, 3. to store …, 4. to improve on …, 5. to compute …, 6. to combine …, 7. to be …, to 8. to penetrate into …, 9. to write …, 10. to design …, 11. to draw …, 12. to take …, 13. to keep …, 14. to answer …, 15. to sing …, 16. to tell …, 17. to help with …, 18. to block ….

1. Англійський винахідник першим розробив комп’ютер, але не побудував його.

2. Існує три типи комп’ютерів, найкращій з них – змішаного типу.

3. За допомогою комп’ютера ми можемо проводити медичну діагностику та прогнозувати погоду.

4. Комп’ютерна промисловість швидко розвивається.

5. Перший цифровий комп’ютер в Україні було розроблено в 1950 році.

6. Людина широко використовує комп’ютери у всіх сферах життя.

7. Комп’ютери допомагають дітям вивчати шкільні предмети.

1. The word computer comes from a Latin word which means to count.

2. Invention of computers is one of the greatest achievements of mankind.

3. Experts say that computers help children to learn much more quickly.

4. A digital computer computes by using numbers or digits.

5. In our country the first electronic digital computer MACM was constructed by the Ukrainian Academician S. O. Lebedev in 1950.

Computers penetrate into all spheres of our modern society.

Computers in our life

a) change, chief, teach, choose, chain, chance, research;

b) school, character, technology, chemistry, mechanics, chronic;

c) machine,.

Computers are fast and efficient machines that can do in seconds what would take a person hours, days, or even months. They have become an important part of our lives.

Since the first-generation computers were designed and built in the 1940s and 50s, computers have become very sophisticated and complex machines. Computers have decreased greatly in price. Computer technology has changed the way we live and created problems. Computers have created new ways to commit fraud, and they have posed new ethical problems. Every day we hear about new uses of the computer. Computers are used more and more in business, industry, agriculture, at home.

An important use of computers is in education. It is called computer assisted instruction. It is becoming more and more popular at all levels of education from pre-school to university. There are computer games that teach 3-year-olds how to read and spell. Starting in kindergarten, computers are used in the classroom to allow students to work without a teacher on subjects ranging from mathematics to reading, and from history to English.

Many people fear the computer because they do not really understand it. “Computer literacy” is a new term used to describe a working knowledge of the computer and a familiarity with the terminology. The growth of computer technologies has eliminated many jobs. But computers create as many jobs as they take away.

So, what is a computer? A computer is a high-speed electronic machine used for word and data processing. In its simplest configuration, a computer system consists of three components. These parts are an input device (keyboard), the central processing unit (CPU), and an output device (printer). These are usually referred to as “hardware”. Software is needed to make this hardware capable of performing useful operations. Software is a collection of different types of programs that make the computer run.

The keyboard is the most common input device. Once the programs and data are typed on the terminal keyboard, they are transferred into the computer memory. The typed material appears either on paper or on a screen.

The central processing unit is the brain and the heart of the computer system.

The memory of the computer is its storage area. The capacity of the memory is measured in thousands of characters, usually referred to as kilos of bytes. Each byte can store one character. For example, if the word English were to be stored in memory, it would use seven bytes. Each letter would use one byte for a total of seven. A small system with 8 K bytes (8 kilos of bytes) has a main storage area of approximately eight thousand characters.

The control unit is the chief executive of the computer system. All the other components of the computer are directed by the control unit. It supervises all the operations in the system. The control unit gets the instructions from memory, executes them, and orders the input and output devices to perform. The memory and the control unit are parts of the central processing unit.

універсальний комп’ютер, значно більша швидкість та точність, блок пам’яті, надсилати сигнал, обробляти дані, дослідницькі центри, широко застосовувати, блок управління, важлива частина життя, складні машини, значно подорожчати, допоміжні інструкції, “комп’ютерна грамотність”, обробка даних, контролювати операції системи.

fast and efficient machines, first-generation, sophisticated and complex, to create, to commit fraud, to pose, to allow, to fear, computer literacy, to eliminate, data processing, in its simplest configuration, input device (keyboard), central processing unit (CPU), output device (printer), hardware, programs and data, computer memory, screen, storage area, the capacity of the memory, to store, character, byte, to supervise, vast improvements, research laboratories.

slow, undo, unimportant, simple, increase, old, less, to forbid, decline, input, soft, disappear, the same, to give.

1. quick, fast, slow, rapid;

2. printer, keyboard, vacuum cleaner, scanner;

3. device, pool, tool, instrument;

4. date, information, data, fact.

1. Сучасні комп’ютери це швидкі та складні машини.

2. Комп’ютери використовуються в таких сферах як промисловість, навчання, сільське господарство та ін.

3. З часом комп’ютери замінюють працівників в одній сфері, але створюють робочі місця в іншій.

4. Основна функція комп’ютера це збереження та обробка даних.

5. Ми можемо ввести дані в комп’ютер за допомогою клавіатури, а вивести за допомогою принтеру.

6. Серце комп’ютера це блок управління, який керує всіма процесами.

1. What is environment?

2. What are the interrelations between man and nature?

a) remained, changed, increased, conquered, tried, solved, suffered, survived, dared, struggled, combined;

b) developed, worked, perished;

c) complicated, interrelated, protected, activated, effected, polluted, landed, resulted.

3. During centuries man was trying to live in harmony with nature, but did not survive.

4. A lot of animal and plant species suffer from industrial activity of a man.

5. The main problem of environmental protection is the acid rains.

6. To solve the ecological problem we have to work on cooperation.

For millennia man had to struggle against nature in order to survive and develop. For many thousands of years man remained weak while nature was omnipotent.

However as economy developed, the scientific and technological revolution increased the correlation of forces between man and nature changed. Man gradually grew so strong that he dared to declare himself the “king of nature” and contemplated conquering and remoulding nature to his liking. In his conquer of nature man became so great that his economic achievements began to have an increasingly negative effect on nature, on the biosphere.

Road and factory constructions, industrial development take away to seven million hectares of land every year. Forest disappears at a rate of 20 hectares a minute. According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 76 animal species and several hundred plant species of the Earth became extinct in the last 60 years alone.

Today animals and plants perish not so much due to their physical extermination by hunting, fishing, or open-cast mining, as due to the production of chemical and other industrial pollutants, poisoning the biosphere.

Each year the world economy ejects into the atmosphere over 200 million of carbon monoxide, more than 50 million tons of diverse hydrocarbons, 120 million tons of ash and nearly 150 million tons of sulphur dioxide. They fall back upon the Earth in the form of “acid rains”.

Expansion of man’s activities in outer space and mastering nuclear energy make the relationship between man and nature still more complicated.

In view of this nature and environment protection is one of the major ecological problems. Today it is clear that economic, social, technological and biological processes are closely interrelated. We must consider modern production as a complicated ecological — economic system. It is only a strictly scientific approach to the industrial-technological development that can solve ecological problems.

Nature and environment protection is one of the major functions of the state, reflecting concept of society’s attitude to the environment. It became a constitutional principle. The State Committee for Hydro-meteorological and Environmental Control and other Government agencies together with public organisations supervise permanently ecological conditions in the country. The majority of states support initiatives and proposals of our country on Nature Conservation. Today more and more people in various countries begin to understand that countries both far and near one another are ecologically interdependent. Therefore all nations must cooperate in solving global problems of ecology.

боротися, вижити, розвиватись, науково-технічна революція, економічні досягнення, будівництво доріг, хімічні та промислові забруднювачі, чадний газ, відкритий космос, атомна енергія, відношення суспільства до навколишнього середовища, конституційний закон, екологічно взаємозалежні країни.

in order to, to be omnipotent, the correlation of forces, to declare, conquering and remoulding nature, at a rate of, animal species, to become extinct, to perish, hunting, fishing, open-cast mining, diverse hydro