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MUST
| Modal verb | Present | Past | Future |
| Equivalent | |||
| must have to be to | must have to... has am is to... are | had to... was to… were to… | will have to... |
"Must" expresses:
| 1. obligation, necessity (= have to...) (должен) | Well, it's 10 o'clock, I must/have to gonow. |
| 2. a command, an urgent request (побудительное предложение) | You must leavethe room at once. Сейчас же выйди из комнаты. |
| 3. prohibition (нельзя, запрещается) | You mustn't speakto a prisoner in a foreign language. |
"To have to" expresses:
| obligation or necessity arising out of circumstances (должен = приходится, вынужден) | I have to get upat 6 every day. My working day begins at 8. Last night Den suddenly became ill. We had to callthe doctor. |
"To be to" expresses:
| 1. an agreement or arrangement, part of a plan(должен) | We were to meetat the entrance of the theatre at a quarter to nine. They are to goto Spain in July. |
| 2. a strict order(побудительное предложение) | You are to gostraight to your room. Сейчас же иди в свою комнату. |
| 3. something thought as unavoidable(предстоит, суждено) | Sally wanted Morris to be friendly with her, but evidently it was not to be.He went about thinking of his life and what was to become ofhim. |
NOTES:
*** The absence of necessity is expressed by "needn't":
Yes, you must. Must I go there tomorrow?
No, you needn't. (Нет, не нужно)
In its second meaning "must" denotes probability or supposition bordering on assurance, almost a conviction. In this meaning it is used in affirmative sentences only.
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| OBLIGATION, NECESSITY, ABSENCE OF NECESSITY, DESTINY, ORDER, PROHIBITION, PERMISSION NOT TO DO STH | | | Должно быть, вероятно |