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King and Queens of England

United Kingdom timeline

Thousands of years ago, Great Britain was joined to Europe and was covered with ice. About 15,000 years ago, the weather became warmer. The ice melted and the sea level rose. Great Britain became an island about 8000 years ago.

Celtic people called Britons settles in Britain. They were warriors and farmers who were skilled metal workers. They built villages and hill forts, and used iron weapons and tools. Celts called Gaels lived in Ireland.

King and Queens of England

Romans	Saxons	Vikings	Normans	Tudors	Victorians	WW ll

Prehistoric Britain
The first men and women came to Britain over two and a half million years ago. They were hunters and gatherers of food who used simple stone tools and weapons.
BC	Britain	Abroad
500,000	People migrate to Britain from Europe.
	The land bridge joining Britain to Europe is flooded as the sea level rises. Britain becomes an Island.
	New Stone Agebegins:farming people arrive/Europe.
	First stone circles erected.
	Bronze Agebegins
	People learn to make bronze weapons and tools
	Stonehenge completed
	Trade routes begin to form
	Small Villages are first formed
	Iron Age begins: iron replaces bronze as most useful metal. Population about 150,000.
	The Celtic people arrive from Central Europe. The Celts were farmers and lived in small village groups in the centre of their arable fields. They were also warlike people. The Celts fought against the people of Britain and other Celtic tribes.

Romans	Saxons	Vikings	Normans	Tudors	Victorians	WW ll

Roman Britain
The Romans were the first to invade us and came to Britain nearly 2000 years ago. They changed our country. The Roman Empire made its mark on Britain, and even today, the ruins of Roman buildings, forts, roads, and baths can be found all over Britain. Britain was part of the Roman Empire for almost 400 years! By the time the Roman armies left around 410 AD, they had established medical practice, a language of administration and law and had created great public buildings and roads. Many English words are derived from the latin language of the Romans. Click here to find out more about the Romans in Britain.
	Britain		Abroad
55 BC	Julius Caesar heads first Roman Invasion but later withdraws
44 BC		44 BC	Julius Caesar is murdered in Rome
AD
			Jesus Crucified
	Romans invade and Britain becomes part of the Roman Empire
	London Founded
	Boadicea leads the Iceni in revolt against the Romans
	Romans conquer Wales and the North
			The Emperor Hadrian is born
			The Colosseum of Rome completed
122 - 128	Emperor Hadrian builds a wall on the Scottish Border
	Romans conquer Scotland
	St Alban becomes the 1st Christian martyr
	Constantine the Great declared Emperor at York
	The Picts and Scots attack the border
401 - 410	The Romans withdraw from Britain: Anglo Saxons migrants begin to Settle
Click here for Information on the Romans

Romans	Saxons	Vikings	Normans	Tudors	Victorians	WW ll

Anglo-Saxon Britain
The Roman army left Britain about AD 410. When they had gone there was no strong army to defend Britain, and tribes called the Angle, Saxon, and Jute (the Anglo-Saxons) invaded. They left their homelands in northern Germany, Denmark and northern Holland and rowed across the North Sea in wooden boats. The Anglo-Saxons ruled most of Britain but never conquered Cornwall in the south-west, Wales in the west, or Scotland in the north. They divided the country into kingdoms. Missionaries from Roman spread Christianity across southern Britain. Read more about the Saxons on our Homework Help pages
450 - 750	Invasion of the Jutes from Jutland, Angles from South of Denmark and Saxons from Germany. Britain is divided up into the Seven Kingdoms of Northumbria, Mercia, Wessex, Essex, Sussex and Kent.
	Saxons Hengist and Horsa settle in Kent.
	St Patrick returns to convert Ireland
	The Battle of Mount Badon: British victory over the Saxons
	St Augustine brings Christianity to Britain from Rome and becomes Archbishop of Canterbury
	Northumbria becomes the Supreme Kingdom
	Mercia becomes the Supreme Kingdom and King Offa builds a Dyke along the Welsh Border
Click here for Information on the Saxons

Romans	Saxons	Vikings	Normans	Tudors	Victorians	WW ll

	Viking Britain
The Viking Age in Britain began about 1,200 years ago in the 8th Century AD and lasted for 300 years. Read more....
	First invasion by the Vikings
	Wessex becomes the Supreme Kingdom
866 - 77	Invasion of the GreatDanish (Viking) Army.
	The Vikings take Northumbria
	King Alfred defeats the Vikings but allows them to settle in Eastern England
	The North subjected to the Danelaw, the rules of the Vikings
	The Anglo Saxon Chronicle starts
	Eastern England (Danelaw) is conquered by the Saxons
	King Canute of Denmark captures the English Crown
	Edward the Confessor becomes King
	Westminster Abbey is completed
Click here for Information on the Vikings

Romans	Saxons	Vikings	Normans	Tudors	Victorians	WW ll

The Middle Ages - Medieval Britain (Normans)
The Middle Ages in Britain cover a huge period. They take us from the shock of the Norman Conquest, which began in 1066, to the devasting Black Death of 1348, the Hundred Years' War with France and the War of the Roses, which finally ended in 1485. The Normans built impressive castles, imposed a feudal system and carried out a census of the country.
	The Battle of Stamford Bridge: Saxon victory over invading Vikings
	The Battle of Hastings: The invading Normans defeat the Saxons William of Normandy defeats Harold with a lucky shot and becomes King of England - Norman Conquest
	Work starts on Canterbury Cathedral
	Work starts on The Tower of London
1080 - 1100	Great monastery and cathedral building begins
	The Domesday Book is compiled, a complete inventory of Britain
	Work starts on York Minster
	Oxford University Founded
	Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas a Becket is murdered by the knights of Henry II
	Population of London exceeds 30,000 for the first time
	Work starts on Wells Cathedral
	Civil War
	The Magna Carta is signed by King John
	Work starts on Salisbury
1282 - 1283	King Edward conquersWales. Llewellyn ab Gruffydd, the country's last prince is killed
	King Edward invadesScotland and takes the Stone of Destiny from Scone to Westminster
	The Battle of Stirling Bridge The Scots under William Wallace defeat the English
	The Battle of Falkirk. King Edward defeats Wallace.
	Robert Bruce crowned King of the Scots
	Scots led by Robert the Bruce defeat the English at the battle of Bannockburn
1321-22	Civil War
	King Edward claims the Throne of France
1337 - 1453	Hundred Years' War with France
1348 - 49	The Black Death(bubonic plague) arrived in England and killed nearly half of the population
	Geoffrey Chaucer starts writing the Canterbury Tales
	English defeat the French at the battle of Agincourt
	The Hundred Years War against France ends
	Civil War: The War of the Roses starts
Click here for Information on the Normans

Romans	Saxons	Vikings	Normans	Tudors	Victorians	WW ll

Tudor Britain
The Tudors were a Welsh-English family that ruled England from 1485 to 1603 - one of the most exciting periods of British history. Henry VIII's matrimonial difficulties led to the split with Catholicism. Henry made himself head of the Church of England. Read more about Tudor Britain....
	The War of the Roses ends at the Battle of Bosworth. Henry Vll crowned king.
	John Cabot sails from Bristol aboard the 'Matthew' and discovers North America
1509 - 1547	Henry Vlll succeeds to the throne
	English defeat the Scots at the Battle of Flodden
	Henry VIII forms the 'Church of England'. Henry is confirmed as 'Supreme Head of the Church of England 'following a parliamentary Act of Supremacy
	Act of Union joins England and Wales
1536 - 39	Destruction or closure of 560 monasteries and religious houses
	Mary, Queen of Scots lays claim to the English throne
	Elizabeth I begins her 45 year reign
	Sir Francis Drake sets sail for his first voyage to the West Indies
	Queen Elizabeth I executes Mary, Queen of Scots
	The English defeat theSpanish Armada
	First performance of a play by William Shakespeare
	First British involvement in the Indian continent - East India Company formed. Population of Britain just over 4 million
Click here for Information on the Tudors

Stuart Britain
The Stuarts had ruled Scotland since 1371, but James VI of Scotland was the first Stuart king of England.
	James VI ofScotland becomes James I ofEngland uniting the two kingdoms
	Guy Fawkes is thwarted when he tries to blow up Parliament.
	The Union Flag adopted as the National Flag
	The Pilgrim Fathers set sail for New England from Plymouth, aboard the 'Mayflower'
1624-30	War with Spain
1626-9	War with France
	Parliament dissolved by King Charles
1642 - 1651	Civil War
	King Charles executed
1649-1650	Cromwell'sconquest of Ireland
1650 - 1652	Cromwell'sconquest of Scotland
	Tea arrives in Britain
	Cromwell proclaimed Lord Protector
	Restoration of the Monarchy under King Charles II
1664-1665	The Great Plague breaks out and up to 100,000 people die in London
	Great Fire of London
	English Bill of rights 1689 From now on England's monarchs would rule in partnership with Parliament. All Catholics barred from the English throne.
	William III massacres the Jacobites at Glencoe
	Act of Union between Scotland and England.The Scottish parliament was dissolved and England and Scotland became one country.

Georgian Britain
In 1714 the British throne passed to a German family, the Hanoverians.
	George of Hanover, Germany succeeds Queen Anne to the Throne
	Sir Robert Walpole becomes the first Prime Minister
	Bonnie Prince Charlie is defeated at the Battle of Culloden
	First canal in Britain is completed
	America declares independence from Britain
1780's	Industrial Revolution Begins
	Steam powered cotton mill invented by Sir Richard Arkwright
	First convict ships are sent to Australia
	Edward Jenner invented a vaccination against small pox
	Act of Union with Ireland
	The first census. Population of Britain 8 million Ireland made part of the United Kingdom
	Richard Trevithick built the first steam locomotive
	Lord Nelson defeats Napoleon at the Battle of Trafalgar
	Abolition of Slave Trade
	Duke of Wellington defeats Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo
	World's first railway opens between Stockton and Darlington
	Robert Peel set up the Metropolitan Police force
	The Poor Law set up workhouses, where people without homes or jobs could live in return for doing unpaid work.

Romans	Saxons	Vikings	Normans	Tudors	Victorians	WW ll

Victorian Britain
xThe Victorians lived over one hundred and fifty years ago during the reign of Queen Victoria (1837 to 1901) and was a time of enormous change in this country. In 1837 most people lived in villages and worked on the land; by 1901, most lived in towns and worked in offices, shops and factories. Read more.....
	Queen Victoria becomes Queen at the age of 18
	The first postage stamps (Penny Post) came into use
	Mines Act ended child labour
1845 - 1849	Ireland suffered the Great Potato Famine when entire crops of potatoes, the staple Irish food, were ruined. The famine was a consequence of the appearance of blight, the potato fungus. About 800,000 people died as a result of the famine. A large number of people migrated to Britain, the United States, Canada and Australia.
1850s	The first post boxes were built
	The Great Exhibition Census showed just over half of Britain's population (of 20 million) lived in towns
	Crimean War
	A cholera epidemic led to demands for a clean water supply and proper sewage systems in the big cities
	Britain defeats Russia in the Crimean War
	The first public flushing toilet opens
	Death of Prince Albert
	London Underground opens The foundation of the Football Association
	Joseph Lister discovers disinfectant
	The last public hanging
	The first Sainsbury's shop open in Dury Lane, London
	Education Act means school for everyone
	Queen Victoria opens the Albert Hall
	Alexander Bell invented the telephone Primary education was made compulsory
	The first public electric lighting in London
	First electric railway
	The invention of the gramophone
	Free education for every child
	Population of Britain 40 million
Click here for Information on the Victorian

Modern Britain
	Britain defeats Dutch settlers in Boer War in South Africa
	The first old age pension
1914 - 1918	First World War Compulsory military service and food rationing introduced
	Republic of Ireland gains independence
	Sir Frank Whittle invents the Jet Engine
1939 - 1945	The Second World War
	Festival of Britain
	Elizabeth II becomes Queen
	Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II
	Britain joins the European Community
	Margaret Thatcher becomes Britain's first woman prime minister
	Falklands War
	Gulf War
	Sir Tim Berners Lee invents the World Wide Web
	Channel Tunnel links Britain back to the European continent
	Welsh national assembly and Scottish parliament
	The Second Gulf War
	England Wins the Rugby World Cup
Click here for Information on Britain Since 1930s