2. my father/start/a new job
3. I/give up/smoking
4. Charles and Sarah/go/to Brazil
5. Suzanne/have/a baby
7.2 Read the situations and write sentences. Choose one of the following:
arrive break go up grow improve lose
1. Mike is looking for his key. He can't find it. He has lost his key.
2. Margaret can't walk and her leg is in plaster. She ---
3. Maria's English wasn't very good. Now it is much better. ---
4. Tim didn't have a beard last month. Now he has a beard. ---
5. This morning I was expecting a letter. Now I have it. ---
6. Last week the bus fare was 80 pence. Now it is 90. ---
7.3 Complete Bs sentences. Use the verb in brackets + just/already/yet (as sbown).
1. A: Would you like something to eat?
B: No, thanks. I've just had lunch. (just/have)
2. A: Do you know where Julia is?
B: Yes, I --- her. (just/see)
3. A: What time is David leaving?
B: He --- (already/leave)
4. A: What's in the newspaper today?
B: I don't know. I --- (not/read/yet)
5. A: Is Ann coming to the cinema with us?
B: No, she --- the film. (already/see)
6. A: Are your friends here yet?
B: Yes, they --- (just/arrive)
7. A: What does Tim think about your plan?
B: I --- (not/tell/yet)
7.4 Read the situations and write sentences with just, already or yet.
1. After lunch you go to see a friend at her house. She says 'Would you like something to eat?'
You say: No, thank you. I've just had lunch. (have lunch)
2. Joe goes out. Five minutes later, the phone rings and the caller says 'Can I speak to Joe?'
You say: I'm afraid --- (go out)
3. You are eating in a restaurant. The waiter thinks you have finished and starts to take your plate away.
You say: Wait a minute! --- (not/finish)
4. You are going to a restaurant this evening. You phone to reserve a table. Later your friend says 'Shall I phone to reserve a table?'
You say: No --- it. (do)
5. You know that a friend of yours is looking for a job. Perhaps she has been successful. Ask her.
You say: ---? (find)
6. Ann went to the bank, but a few minutes ago she returned. Somebody asks 'Is Ann still at the bank?'
You say: No, --- (come back)
7.5 Put in been or gone.
1. Jim is on holiday. He's gone to Italy.
2. Hello! I've just --- to the shops. I've bought lots of things.
3. Alice isn't here at the moment. She's --- to the shop to get a newspaper.
4. Tom has. --- out. He'll be back in about an hour.
5. 'Are you going to the bank?' 'No, I've already --- to the bank.'
@p16
UNIT 8. Present perfect (2) (I have done)
A. Study this example conversation:
DAVE: Have you travelled a lot, Jane?
JANE: Yes, I've been to lots of places.
DAVE: Really? Have you ever been to China?
JANE: Yes, I've been to China twice.
DAVE: What about India?
JANE: No, I haven't been to India.
When we talk about a period of time that continues from the past until now, we use the present perfect (have been/have travelled etc.). Here, Dave and Jane are talking about the places Jane has visited in her life (which is a period that continues until now).
* Have you ever eaten caviar? (in your life)
* We've never had a car.
* 'Have you read Hamlet?' 'No, I haven't read any of Shakespeare's plays.'
* Susan really loves that film. She's seen it eight times!
* What a boring film! It's the most boring film I've ever seen.
In the following examples too the speakers are talking about a period that continues until now (recently/in the last few days/so far/since breakfast etc.):
* Have you heard from George recently?
* I've met a lot of people in the last few days.
* Everything is going well. We haven't had any problems so far.
* I'm hungry. I haven't eaten anything since breakfast. (= from breakfast until now)
* It's nice to see you again. We haven't seen each other for a long time.
B. We use the present perfect with today/this morning/this evening etc. when these periods are not finished at the time of speaking (see also Unit 14B):
* I've drunk four cups of coffee today. (perhaps I'll drink more before today is finished)
* Have you had a holiday this year (yet)?
* I haven't seen Tom this morning. Have you?
* Ron hasn't worked very hard this term.
C. Note that we say 'It's the first time something has happened' (present perfect). For example:
Don is having a driving lesson. He is very nervous and unsure because it is his first lesson.
* It's the first time he has driven a car. (not 'drives') or He has never driven a car before.
* Linda has lost her passport again. It's the second time this has happened. (not 'happens')
* This is a lovely meal. It's the first good meal I've had for ages. (not 'I have')
* Bill is phoning his girlfriend again. That's the third time he's phoned her this evening.
@p17
EXERCISES
8.1 You are asking somebody questions about things he or she has done. Make questions from the words in brackets.
1. (ever/ride/horse?)
Have you ever ridden a horse?
2. (ever/be/California?)
3. (ever/run/marathon?)
4. (ever/speak/famous person?)
5. (always/live/in this town?)
6. (most beautiful place/ever/visit?) What
8.2 Complete Bs answers. Some sentences are positive and some negative. Use a verb from this list:
be be cat happen have meet play read see see try
1 A: What's George's sister like?
B: I've no idea. I've never met her.
2. A: How is Amy these days?
B: I don't know. I --- her recently.
3. A: Are you hungry?
B: Yes. I --- much today.
4. A: Can you play chess?
B: Yes, but --- for ages.
5. A: Did you enjoy your holiday?
B: Yes, it's the best holiday --- for a long time.
6. A: What's that book like?
B: I don't know ---
7. A: Is Brussels an interesting place?
B: I've no idea --- there.
8. A: Mike was late for work again today.
B: Again? He --- every day this week.
9. A: Do you like caviar?
B: I don't know ---
10. A: The car broke down again yesterday.
B: Not again! That's the second time --- this week.
11. Who's that woman by the door)
B: I don't know --- before.)
8.3 Complete these sentences using today/this year/this term etc.
1. I saw Tom yesterday but I haven't seen him today.
2. I read a newspaper yesterday but I --- today.
3. Last year the company made a profit but this year ---
4. Tracy worked hard at school last term but ---
5. It snowed a lot last winter but ---
6. Our football team won a lot of games last season but we ---
8.4 Read the situations and write sentences as shown in the examples.
1. Jack is driving a car but he's very nervous and not sure what to do.
You ask: Have you driven a car before?
2. Len is playing tennis. He's not very good and he doesn't know the rules.
You ask: Have ---
3. Sue is riding a horse. She doesn't look very confident or comfortable.
You ask: ---
She says: ---
4. Maria is in London. She has just arrived and it's very new for her.
You ask: ---
She says: ---
@p18
UNIT 9. Present perfect continuous (I have been doing)
A. It has been raining. Study this example situation:
Is it raining? No, but the ground is wet.
It has been raining.
Have/has been ~ing is the present perfect continuous:
I/we/they/you have (= I've etc.) been doing/waiting/playing etc.
he/she/it has (= he's etc.) been doing/waiting/playing etc.
We use the present perfect continuous for an activity that has recently stopped or just stopped. There is a connection with now:
* You're out of breath. Have you been running? (you're out of breath now)
* Paul is very tired. He's been working very hard. (he's tired now)
* Why are your clothes so dirty? What have you been doing?
* I've been talking to Carol about the problem and she thinks that...
B. It has been raining for two hours. Study this example situation:
It is raining now. It began raining two hours ago and it is still raining.
How long has it been raining?
It has been raining for two hours.
We often use the present perfect continuous in this way, especially with how long, for... and since... The activity is still happening (as in this example) or has just stopped.
* How long have you been learning English? (you're still learning English)
* Tim is still watching television. He's been watching television all day.
* Where have you been? I've been looking for you for the last half hour.
* George hasn't been feeling well recently.
You can use the present perfect continuous for actions repeated over a period of time:
Debbie is a very good tennis player. She's been playing since she was eight.
Every morning they meet in the same cafe. They've been going there for years.
C. Compare I am doing (see Unit 1) and I have been doing:
I am doing (present continuous) -> now
* Don't disturb me now. I'm working.
* We need an umbrella. It's raining.
* Hurry up! We're waiting.
I have been doing (present perfect continuous)
* I've been working hard, so now I'm going to have a rest.
* The ground is wet. It's been raining.
* We've been waiting for an hour.
@p19
EXERCISES
9.1 What have these people been doing or what has been happening?
1. They have been shopping.
2. She ---
3. They ---
4. He ---
9.2 Write a question for each situation.
1. John looks sunburnt. You ask: (you/sit in the sun?) Have you been sitting in the sun?
2. You have just arrived to meet a friend who is waiting for you. You ask: (you/wait/long?)
3. You meet a friend in the street. His face and hands are very dirty. You ask: (what/you/do?)
4. A friend of yours is now living in Baker Street. You want to know 'How long...?' You ask: (how long/you/live/in Baker Street?)
5. A friend tells you about his job--he sells computers. You want to know 'How long...?' You ask: (how long/you/sell/computers?)
9.3 Read the situations and complete the sentences.
1. The rain started two hours ago. It's still raining now. It has been raining for two hours.
2. We started waiting for the bus 20 minutes ago. We're still waiting now.
We --- for 20 minutes.
3. I started Spanish classes in December. I'm still learning Spanish now.
I --- since December.
4. Ann began looking for a job six months ago. She's still looking now.
--- for six months.
5. Mary started working in London on 18 January. She's still working there now.
--- since 18 January.
6. Years ago you started writing to a pen-friend. You still write to each other regularly now.
We --- for years.
9.4 Put the verb into the present continuous (I am ~ing etc.) or present perfect continuous (I have been ~ing etc.).
1. Maria has been learning (learn) English for two years.
2. Hello, Tom. I --- (look) for you all morning. Where have you been?
3. Why --- (you/took) at me like that? Stop it!
4. We always go to Ireland for our holidays. We --- (go) there for years.
5. I --- (think) about what you said and I've decided to take your advice.
6. 'Is Ann on holiday this week?' 'No, she ---e (work).'
7. Sarah is very tired. She --- (work) very hard recently.
@p20
UNIT 10. Present perfect continuous and simple (I have been doing and I have done)
A. Study these example situations:
Ann's clothes are covered in paint. She has been painting the ceiling.
Has been Painting is the present perfect
We are interested in the activity. It does not matter whether something has been finished or not. In this example, the activity (painting the ceiling) has not been finished.
The ceiling was white. Now it is blue. She has painted the ceiling.
Has painted is the present perfect simple.
Here, the important thing is that something has been finished. 'Has painted' is a completed action. We are interested in the result of the activity (the painted ceiling), not in the activity itself.
Compare these examples:
* My hands are very dirty. I've been repairing the car. The car is OK again now. I've repaired it.
* She's been smoking too much recently. She should smoke less. Somebody has smoked all my cigarettes. The packet is empty.
* It's nice to see you again. What have you been doing since we last met? Where's the book I gave you? What have you done with it?
* Where have you been? Have you been playing tennis? Have you ever played tennis?
B. We use the continuous to ask or say how long (for an activity that is still happening):
* How long have you been reading that book?
* Mary is still writing letters. She's been writing letters all day.
* They've been playing tennis since 2 o'clock.
We use the simple to ask or say how much, how many or how many times (completed actions):
* How many pages of that book have you read?
* Mary has written ten letters today.
* They've played tennis three times this week.
C. There are some verbs (for example, know/like/believe) that are normally not used in the continuous:
* I've known about it for a long time. (not 'I've been knowing')
For a list of these verbs, see Unit 4A.
@p21
EXERCISES
10.1 Read the situations and write two sentences using the words in brackets.
1. Tom started reading a book two hours ago. He is still reading it and now he is on page 53.
(read/for two hours) He has been reading for two hours.
(read/53 pages so far) He has read 53 pages so far.
2. Linda is from Australia. She is travelling round Europe at the moment. She began her tour three months ago.
(travel/for three months) She ---
(visit/six countries so far) ---
3. Jimmy is a tennis player. He began playing tennis when he was ten years old. This year he is national champion again--for the fourth time.
(win/the national championship four times)
(play/tennis since he was ten)
4. When they left college, Mary and Sue started making films together. They still make films.
(make/ten films since they left college) They ---
(make/films since they left college)
10.2 For each situation, ask a question using the words in brackets.
1. You have a friend who is learning Arabic. You ask: (how long/learn/Arabic?) How long have you been learning Arabic?
2. You have just arrived to meet a friend. She is waiting for you. You ask: (how long/wait?)
3. You see somebody fishing by the river. You ask: (how many fish/catch?)
4. Some friends of yours are having a party next week. You ask: (how many people/invite?)
5. A friend of yours is a teacher. You ask: (how long/reach?)
6. You meet somebody who is a writer. You ask: (how many books/write?)
(how long/write/books?)
7. A friend of yours is saving money to go on holiday. You ask: (how long/save?)
(how much money/save?)
10.3 Put the verb into the more suitable form, present perfect simple (I have done etc.) or continuous (I have been doing etc.).
1. Where have you been? Have you been playing (you/play) tennis?
2. Look! Somebody --- (break) that window.
3. You look tired. --- (you/work) hard?
4. '--- (you/ever/work) in a factory?' 'No, never.'
5. 'Jane is away on holiday.' 'Oh, is she? Where --- (she/go)?
6. My brother is an actor. He --- (appear) In several films.
7. 'Sorry I'm late.' 'That's all right. I --- (not/wait) long.'
8. 'Is it still raining?' 'No, it --- (stop).'
9. I --- (lose) my address book. --- (you/see) it anywhere?
10. I --- (read) the book you lent me but I --- (not/finish) it yet.
11. I --- (read) the book you lent me, so you can have it back now.
@p22
UNIT 11. How long have you (been)...?
A. Study this example situation:
Bob and Alice are married. They got married exactly 20 years ago, so today is their 20th wedding anniversary.
They have been married for 20 years.
We say: They are married. (present)
but How long have they been married? (present perfect) (not 'How long are they married?')
They have been married for 20 years. (not 'They are married for 20 years')
We use the present perfect to talk about something that began in the past and still continues now. Compare the present and the present perfect:
* Amy is in hospital.
but She has been in hospital since Monday. (not 'Amy is in hospital since Monday')
* We know each other very well.
but We have known each other for a long time. (not 'we know')
* Are you waiting for somebody?
but How long have you been waiting?
B. I have been doing something (present perfect continuous) = 'I started doing something in the past and I am still doing it (or have just stopped)':
* I've been learning English for a long time. (not 'I am learning')
* Sorry I'm late. Have you been waiting long?
* It's been raining since I got up this morning.
The action can be a repeated action:
* 'How long have you been driving?' 'Since I was 17.'
C. I have done (simple) or I have been doing (continuous)
The continuous is more usual with how long, since and for (see also Unit 10B):
* I've been learning English for a long time. (not usually 'I've learnt')
You can normally use either the continuous or simple with live and work:
* John has been living/has lived in London for a long time.
* How long have you been working/have you worked here?
But we use the simple with always:
* John has always lived in London. (not 'has always been living')
You can use the continuous or the simple for actions repeated over a long period:
* I've been collecting/I've collected stamps since I was a child.
Some verbs (for example, know/like/believe) are not normally used in the continuous:
* How long have you known Jane? (not 'have you been knowing')
* I've had a pain in my stomach since I got up this morning.
For a list of these verbs, see Unit 4A. For have see Unit 17.
D. We use the present perfect simple in negative sentences like these:
* I haven't seen Tom since Monday. (= Monday was the last time I saw him)
* Jane hasn't phoned me for two weeks. (= the last time she phoned was two weeks ago)
@p23
EXERCISES
11.1 Are the underlined verbs right or wrong? Correct them if they are wrong.
1. Bob is a friend of mine. _I know him_ very well. RIGHT
2. Bob is a friend of mine. _I know him_ for a long time. WRONG: I've known him.
3. Sue and Alan _are married_ since July. ---
4. The weather is awful. _It's raining_ again. ---
5. The weather is awful. _It's raining_ all day. ---
6. I like your house. How long _are you living_ there? ---
7. Graham _is working_ in a shop for the last few months. ---
8. I'm going to Paris tomorrow. _I'm staying_ there until next Friday. ---
9. 'Do you still smoke?' 'No, I gave it up. _I don't smoke_ for years.' ---
10. That's a very old bicycle. How long _do you have_ it? ---
11.2 Read the situations and write questions from the words in brackets.
1. John tells you that his mother is in hospital. You ask him:
(how long/be/in hospital?)
How long has your mother been in hospital?
2. You meet a woman who tells you that she teaches English. You ask her:
(how long/teach/English?)
3. You know that Jane is a good friend of Carol's. You ask Jane:
(how long/know/Carol?)
4. Your friend's brother went to Australia some time ago and he's still there. You ask your friend:
(how long/be/in Australia?)
5. Tim always wears the same jacket. It's a very old jacket. You ask him:
(how long/have/that jacket?)
6. You are talking to a friend about Alan. Alan now works at the airport. You ask your friend:
(how long/work/at the airport?)
7. A friend of yours is having driving lessons. You ask him:
(how long/have/driving lessons?)
8. You meet somebody on a train. She tells you that she lives in Glasgow. You ask her:
(always/live/in Glasgow?)
11.3 Complete Bs answers to A's questions.
1. A: Amy is in hospital, isn't she?
B: Yes, she has been in hospital since Monday.
2. A: Do you see Ann very often?
B: No, I haven't seen her for three months.
3. A: Is Margaret married?
B. Yes, she --- married for ten years.
4. A: Are you waiting for me?
B: Yes, I --- for the last half hour.
5. A: You know Linda, don't you?
B: Yes, we --- each other for ages.
6. A: Do you still play tennis?
B: No, I --- tennis for years.
7. A: Is Jim watching TV?
B: Yes, he --- TV all evening.
8. A: Do you watch TV a lot?
B: No, I --- TV for a long time.
9. Have you got a headache?
B: Yes, I --- a headache all morning.
10. A: George is never ill, is he?
B: No, he --- ill since I've known him.
11. A: Are you feeling ill?
B: Yes, I --- ill since I got up.
12. Sue lives in London, doesn't she?
B: Yes, she --- in London for the last few years.
13. Do you still go to the cinema a lot?
B: No, I --- to the cinema for ages.
14. Would you like to go to New York one day?
B: Yes, I --- to go to New York. (use always/want)
@p24
UNIT12. When...? and How long...? For and since
A. Compare When...? (+ past simple) and How long...? (+ present perfect):
A: When did it start raining?
B: It started raining an hour ago/at 1 o'clock.
A: How long has it been raining?
B: It's been raining for an hour/since 1 o'clock.
A: When did Joe and Carol first meet?
B: They first met a long time ago/when they were at school.
A: How long have Joe and Carol known each other?
B: They've known each other for a long time./since they were at school.
B. We use both for and since to say how long something has been happening.
We use for when we say a period of time (two hours, six weeks etc.):
* I've been waiting for two hours.
for two hours
two hours ago -> now
two hours/a week/20 minutes/50 years/five days/a long time/six months/ages
* Sally's been working here for six months. (not 'since six months')
* I haven't seen Tom for three days. (not 'since three days')
We use since when we say the start of a period (8 o'clock, Monday, 1985 etc.):
* I've been waiting since 8 o'clock.
since 8 o'clock
8 o'clock -> now
since
8 o'clock/1977/Monday/Christmas/12 May/lunchtime/April/they were at school
* Sally's been working here since April. (= from April until now)
* I haven't seen Tom since Monday. (= from Monday until now)
It is possible to leave out for (but not usually in negative sentences):
* They've been married (for) ten years. (with or without for)
* They haven't had a holiday for ten years. (you must use for)
We do not use for + all... (all day/all my life etc.):
* I've lived here all my life. (not 'for all my life')
C. We say 'It's (a long time/two years etc.) since something happened':
* It's two years since I last saw Joe. (= I haven't seen Joe for two years/the last time I saw Joe was two years ago)
* It's ages since we went to the cinema. (= We haven't been to the cinema for ages)
The question is How long is it since...?
* How long is it since you last saw Joe? (= When did you last see Joe?)
* How long is it since Mrs Hill died? (= When did Mrs Hill die?)
@p25
EXERCISES
12.1 Write questions with how long and when.
1. It's raining.
(how long?) How long has it been raining?
(when?) When did it start raining?
2. Kate is learning Italian.
(how long/learn?)
(when/start/learn?)
3. I know Martin.
(how long/know?)
(when/first/meet?)
4. Bob and Alice are married.
(how long?)
(when?)
12.2 Read the situations and complete the sentences beginning in the way shown.
1. (It's raining now. It's been raining since lunchtime.) It started raining at lunchtime.
2. (Ann and I are friends. We first met years ago.) We've known each other for years.
3. (Mark is ill. He became ill on Sunday.) He has ---
4. (Mark is ill. He became ill a few days ago.) He has ---
5. (Sarah is married. She's been married for two years.) She got ---
6. (You've got a camera. You bought it ten years ago.) I've ---
7. (Sue has been in France for the last three weeks.) She went ---
8. (You're working in a hotel. You started in June.) I've ---
12.3 Put in for or since.
1. It's been raining since lunchtime.
2. Tom's father has been doing the same job --- 20 years.
3. Have you been learning English ---a long time?
4. Sarah has lived in London --- 1985.
5. --- Christmas, the weather has been quite good.
6. Please hurry up! We've been waiting --- an hour.
7. Kevin has been looking for a job --- he left school.
8. The house is very dirty. We haven't cleaned it --- ages.
9. I haven't had a good meal --- last Tuesday.
12.4 Write Bs sentences using the words in brackets.
1. A: Do you often go on holiday?
B: (no/five years) No, I haven't had a holiday for five years.
2. A: Do you often eat in restaurants?
B: (no/ages) No, I ---
3. A: Do you often see Sarah?
B: (no/about a month) ---
4. A: Do you often go to the cinema?
B: (no/a long time) ---
Now write B's answers again. This time use It's... since...
5. (1) No, it's five years since I had a holiday.
6. (2) No, it's ---
7. (3) No, ---
8. (4) ---
UNIT 13. Present perfect and past (1) (I have done and I did)
A. Study this example situation:
Tom is looking for his key. He can't find it.
He has lost his key. (present perfect)
This means that he doesn't have his key now.
Ten minutes later:
Now Tom has found his key. He has it now.
Has he lost his key? (present perfect)
No, he hasn't. He has found it.
Did he lose his key? (past simple)
Yes, he did.
He lost his key (past simple)
but now he has found it. (present perfect)
The present perfect is a present tense. It always tells us something about now. 'Tom has lost his key' = he doesn't have his key now (see Unit 7).
The past simple tells us only about the past. If somebody says 'Tom lost his key', we don't know whether he has it now or not. We only know that he lost it at some time in the past.
Two more examples:
* Jack grew a beard but now he has shaved it off. (so he doesn't have a beard now)
* They went out after lunch and they've just come back. (so they are back now)
B. Do not use the present perfect if there is no connection with the present (for example, things that happened a long time ago):
* The Chinese invented printing. (not 'have invented')
* How many plays did Shakespeare write? (not 'has Shakespeare written')
* Beethoven was a great composer. (not 'has been')
Compare:
* Shakespeare wrote many plays.
* My sister is a writer. She has written many books. (she still writes books)
C. We use the present perfect to give new information (see Unit 7). But if we continue to talk about it, we normally use the past simple:
* A: Ow! I've burnt myself.
B: How did you do that? (not 'have you done')
A: I picked up a hot dish. (not 'have picked')
* A: Look! Somebody has spilt milk on the carpet.
B: Well, it wasn't me. I didn't do it. (not 'hasn't been... haven't done')
A: I wonder who it was then. (not 'who it has been')
@p27
EXERCISES
13.1 What has happened in these situations?
1. Jack had a beard. Now he hasn't got a beard. He has shaved off his beard.
2. Linda was here five minutes ago. Mow she's in bed. She ---
3. The temperature was 25 degrees. Now it is only 17. The temperature ---
4. The light was off. Now it is on. Somebody ---
5. The tree was only three metres high. Now it is four. The tree ---
6. The plane was on the runway a few minutes ago. Now it is in the air.
The plane ---
13.2 Put the verbs in brackets in the correct form, present perfect or past simple.
1. 'Where's your key?' 'I don't know. I've lost it.' (lose)
2. I was very tired, so I lay down on the bed and went to sleep. (be)
3. Mary --- to Australia for a while but she's back again now. (go)
4. 'Where's Ken?' 'He --- out. He'll be back in about an hour.' (go)
5. I did German at school but I --- most of it. (forget)
6. I meant to phone Diane last night but I --- (forget)
7. I --- a headache earlier but I feel fine now. (have)
8. Look! There's an ambulance over there. There --- an accident. (be)
9. They're still building the new road. They --- it. (not/finish)
10. 'Is Helen still here?' 'No, she --- out.' (just/go)
11. The police --- three people but later they let them go. (arrest)
12. Ann --- me her address but I'm afraid I --- it. (give, lose)
13. Where's my bike? It --- outside the house. It --- (be, disappear)
14. What do you think of my English? Do you think I ---? (improve)
13.3 Are the underlined parts of these sentences right or wrong? Correct the ones that are wrong.
1. Do you know about Sue? _She's given up_ her job. RIGHT
2. The Chinese _have invented_ printing. WRONG: The Chinese invented
3. How many plays _has Shakespeare written?_ ---
4. _Have you read_ any of Shakespeare's plays? ---
5. Aristotle _has been_ a Greek philosopher. ---
6. Ow! _I've cut_ my finger. It's bleeding. ---
7. My grandparents _have got_ married in London. ---
8. Where _have you been born?_ ---
9. Mary isn't at home. _She's gone shopping._ ---
10. Albert Einstein has been the scientist who _has developed_ the theory of relativity. ---
13.4 (Section C) Put the verb into the most suitable form, present perfect or past simple.
1. A: Look! Somebody has split (spill) coffee on the carpet.
B: Well, it wasn't (not/be) me. I didn't do (not/do) it.
2. A: Ben --- (break) his leg.
B: Really? How --- (that/happen)?
A: He --- (fall) off a ladder.
3. A: Your hair looks nice. --- (you/have) a haircut?
B: Yes.
A: Who --- (cut) it? --- (you/go) to the hairdresser?
B: No, a friend of mine --- (do) it for me.
@p28
UNIT 14. Present perfect and past (2) (I have done and I did)
A. Do not use the present perfect (I have done) when you talk about a finished time (for example, yesterday/ten minutes ago/in 1985/when I was a child). Use a past tense:
* The weather was nice yesterday. (not 'has been nice')
* They arrived ten minutes ago. (not 'have arrived')
* I ate a lot of sweets when I was a child. (not 'have eaten')
* A: Did you see the news on television last night? (not 'Have you seen')
B: No, I went to bed early. (not 'have gone')
Use a past tense to ask When...? or What time...?:
* When did they arrive? (not 'have they arrived')
* What time did you finish work?
Compare:
Present perfect
* Tom has lost his key. He can't get into the house.
Here, we are not thinking of the past action. We are thinking of the present result of the action: Tom doesn't have his key now.
Past simple
* Tom lost his key yesterday. He couldn't get into the house.
Here, we are thinking of the action in the past. We don't know from this sentence whether Tom has his key now.
B. Compare present perfect and past:
Present perfect (have done)
* I've done a lot of work today.
We use the present perfect for a period of time that continues from the past until now. For example, today, this week, since 1985.
* It hasn't rained this week.
* Have you seen Ann this morning? (it is still morning)
* Have you seen Ann recently?
* I don't know where Ann is. I haven't seen her. (= I haven't seen her recently)
* We've been waiting for an hour. (we are still waiting now)
* Ian lives in London. He has lived there for seven years.
* I have never played golf. (in my life)
The present perfect always has a connection with now. See Units 7-12.
Past simple (did)
* I did a lot of work yesterday.
We use the past simple for a finished time in the past. For example, yesterday, last week, from 1985 to 1991.
* It didn't rain last week.
* Did you see Ann this morning? (it is now afternoon or evening)
* Did you see Ann on Sunday?
* A: Was Ann at the party on Sunday?
B: I don't think so. I didn't see her.
* We waited (or were waiting) for an hour. (we are no longer waiting)
* Ian lived in Scotland for ten years.
Now he lives in London.
* I didn't play golf when I was on holiday last summer.
The past simple tells us only about the past. See Units 5-6.
@p29
EXERCISES
14.1 Are the underlined parts of these sentences right or wrong? Correct the ones that are wrong.
1. _I've lost_ my key. I can't find it anywhere. RIGHT
2. _Have you seen_ the news on television last night? WRONG: Did you see
3. _I've bought_ a new car. Do you want to see it? ---
4. _I've bought_ a new car last week. ---
5. Where _have you been_ yesterday evening? ---
6. Jenny _has left_ school in 1991. ---
7. I'm looking for Mike. _Have you seen_ him? ---
8. I'm very hungry. _I haven't eaten_ anything today. ---
9. Diane _hasn't been_ at work yesterday. ---
10. When _has this book been_ published? ---
14.2 Make sentences from the words in brackets. Use the present perfect or past simple.
1. (it/not/rain/this week) It hasn't rained this week.
2. (the weather/be/cold/recently) The weather ---
3. (it cold/last week) It ---
4. (I not/read/a newspaper yesterday) I ---
5. (I not/read/a newspaper today)
6. (Ann/earn/a lot of money/this year)
7. (she not/earn/so much/last year)
8. (you have/a holiday recently?)
14.3 Put the verb into the correct form, present perfect or past simple.
1. I don't know where Amy is. Have you seen (you/see) her?
2. When I --- (get) home last night, I --- (be) very tired and I --- (go) straight to bed.
3. Your car looks very clean --- (you/wash) it?
4. George --- (not/be) very well last week.
5. Mr Clark --- (work) in a bank for 15 years. Then he gave it up.
6. Molly lives in Dublin. She --- (live) there all her life.
7 --- (you/go) to the cinema last night?' 'Yes, but it --- (be) a mistake. The film (be) awful.
8. My grandfather --- (die) 30 years ago. I --- (never/meet) him.
9. I don't know Carol's husband. I --- (never/meet/him).
10. A: Is your father at home?
B: No, I'm afraid he --- (go) out.
A: When exactly --- (he/go) out? B: About ten minutes ago.
11. A: Where do you live?
B: In Boston.
A: How long --- (you/live) there?
B: Five years.
A: Where --- (you/live) before that?
B: In Chicago.
A: And how long --- (you/live) in Chicago?
B: Two years.
14.4 Write sentences about yourself using the ideas in brackets.
1. (something you haven't done today)
I haven't eaten any fruit today.
2. (something you haven't done today)
3. (something you didn't do yesterday)
4. (something you did yesterday evening)
5. (something you haven't done recently)
6. (something you've done a lot recently)
@p30
UNIT 15. Past perfect (I had done)
A. Study this example situation:
Sarah went to a party last week. Paul went to the party too but they didn't see each other. Paul went home at 10.30 and Sarah arrived at 11 o'clock. So:
When Sarah arrived at the party, Paul wasn't there. He had gone home.
Had gone is the past perfect (simple):
I/we/they/you or he/she/it had (= I'd etc./he'd etc.) gone/seen/finished etc.
The past perfect simple is had + past participle (gone/seen/finished etc.). For a list of irregular verbs, see Appendix 1.
Sometimes we talk about something that happened in the past:
* Sarah arrived at the party.
This is the starting point of the story. Then, if we want to talk about things that happened before this time, we use the past perfect (had...):
* When Sarah arrived at the party, Paul had already gone home.
Some more examples:
* When we got home last night, we found that somebody had broken into the flat.
* Karen didn't want to come to the cinema with us because she had already seen the film.
* At first I thought I'd done the right thing, but I soon realised that I'd made a serious mistake.
* The man sitting next to me on the plane was very nervous. He hadn't flown before./He had never flown before.
B. Had done (past perfect) is the past of have done (present perfect). Compare:
present perfect
* Who is that woman? I've never seen her before.
* We aren't hungry. We've just had lunch.
* The house is dirty. They haven't cleaned it for weeks.
past perfect
* I didn't know who she was. I'd never seen her before. (= before that time)
* We weren't hungry. We'd just had lunch.
* The house was dirty. They hadn't cleaned it for weeks.
C. Compare the past perfect (I had done) and past simple (I did):
* 'Was Tom at the party when you arrived?' 'No, he had already gone home.'
but 'Was Tom there when you arrived?' 'Yes, but he went home soon afterwards.'
* Ann wasn't at home when I phoned. She was in London.
but Ann had just got home when I phoned. She had been in London.
@p31
EXERCISES
15.1 Read the situations and write sentences from the words in brackets.
1. You went to Jill's house but she wasn't there. (she/go/out) She had gone out.
2. You went back to your home town after many years. It wasn't the same as before.
(it/change/a lot)
3. I invited Rachel to the party but she couldn't come.
(she/arrange/to do something else)
4. You went to the cinema last night. You arrived at the cinema late.
(the film/already/begin)
5. I was very pleased to see tim again after such a long time.
(I/not/see/him for five years)
6. I offered Sue something to eat but she wasn't hungry.
(she/just/have/breakfast)
15.2 Read the situations and write sentences ending with before. Use the verb given in brackets.
1. The man sitting next to me on the plane was very nervous. It was his first flight.
(fly) He had never flown before. OR He hadn't flown before.
2. A woman walked into the room. She was a complete stranger to me.
(see) I --- before.
3. Simon played tennis yesterday. He wasn't very good at it because it was his first game.
(play) He ---
4. Last year we went to Denmark. It was our first time there (be) We ---
15.3 Use the sentences on the left to complete the paragraphs on the right. These sentences are in the order in which they happened - so (1) happened before (2), (2) before (3) etc. But your paragraph begins with the underlined sentence, so sometimes you need the past perfect.
1. (1) Somebody broke into the office during the night.
(2) _We arrived at work in the morning._
(3) We called the police
We arrived at work in the morning and found that somebody had broken into the office during the night. So we ---
2. (1) Ann went out.
(2) _I tried to phone her_ this morning.
(3) There was no answer.
I tried to phone Ann this morning but --- no answer. She --- out.
3. (1) Jim came back from holiday a few days ago.
(2) _I met him the same day._
(3) He looked very well.
I met Jim a few days ago. He --- just --- He ---
4. (1) Kevin wrote to Sally many times.
(2) She never replied to his letters.
(3) _Yesterday he had a phone call from her._
(4) He was very surprised.
Yesterday Kevin --- He --- very surprised. He --- many times but she ---
15.4 Put the verb into the correct form, past perfect (I had done etc.) or past simple (I did etc.).
1. 'Was Tom at the party when you arrived?' 'No, he had gone (go) home.'
2. I felt very tire when I got home, so I --- (go) straight to bed.
3. The house was very quiet when I got home. Everybody --- (go) to bed.
4. Sorry I'm late. The car --- (break) down on my way here.
5. We were driving along the road when we --- (see) a car which. --- (break) down, so we --- (stop) to see if we could help.
@p32
UNIT 16. Past perfect continuous (I had been doing)
A. Study this example situation:
Yesterday morning I got up and looked out of the window. The sun was shining but the ground was very wet.
It had been raining.
It was not raining when I looked out of the window; the sun was shining. But it had been raining before. That's why the ground was wet.
Had been ~ing is the past perfect continuous:
I/we/you/they had(= I'd etc.) been doing/working/playing etc.
he/she/it had (= he'd etc.) been doing/working/playing etc.
Some more examples:
* When the boys came into the house, their clothes were dirty, their hair was untidy and one of them had a black eye. They'd been fighting.
* I was very tired when I arrived home. I'd been working hard all day.
B. You can say that something had been happening for a period of time before something else happened:
* Our game of tennis was interrupted. We'd been playing for about half an hour when it started to rain very heavily.
* Ken gave up smoking two years ago. He'd been smoking for 30 years.
C. Had been ~ing (past Perfect continuous) is the past of have been ~ing (present perfect continuous). Compare:
present perfect continuous
* I hope the bus comes soon. I've been waiting for 20 minutes. (before now)
* He's out of breath. He has been running.
past perfect continuous
* At last the bus came. I'd been waiting for 20 minutes. (before the bus came)
* He was out of breath. He had been running.
D. Compare had been doing and was doing (past continuous):
* It wasn't raining when we went out. The sun was shining. But it had been raining, so the ground was wet.
* Ann was sitting in an armchair watching television. She was tired because she'd been working very hard.
E. Some verbs (for example, know and want) are not normally used in the continuous:
* We were good friends. We had known each other for years. (not 'had been knowing')
For a list of these verbs, see Unit 4A.
@p33
EXERCISES
16.1 Read the situations and make sentences from the words in brackets.
1. I was very tired when I arrived home.
(I/work/hard all day)
I had been working hard all day.
2. The two boys came into the house. They had a football and they were both very tired.
(they/play/football)
3. There was nobody in the room but there was a smell of cigarettes.
(somebody/smoke/in the room)
4. Ann woke up in the middle of the night. She was frightened and didn't know where she was.
(she/dream)
5. When I got home, Mike was sitting in front of the TV. He had just turned it off.
(he/watch/TV)
16.2 Read the situations and complete the sentences.
1. We played tennis yesterday. Half an hour after we began playing, it started to rain.
We had been playing for half an hour when it started to rain.
2. I had arranged to meet Tom in a restaurant. I arrived and waited for him. After 20 minutes I suddenly realised that I was in the wrong restaurant.
I --- for 20 minutes when I ---
3. Sarah got a job in a factory. Five years later the factory closed down.
At the time the factory ---, Sarah --- there for five years.
4. I went to a concert last week. The orchestra began playing. After about ten minutes a man in the audience suddenly began shouting.
The orchestra --- when ---
5. This time make your own sentence:
I began walking along the road. I --- when ---
16.3 Put the verb into the most suitable form, past continuous (I was doing), past perfect (I had done) or past perfect continuous (I had been doing).
1. It was very noisy next door. Our neighbours were having (have) a party.
2. We were good friends. We had known (know) each other for a long time.
3. John and I went for a walk. I had difficulty keeping up with him because he --- (walk) so fast.
4. Mary was sitting on the ground. She was out of breath. She --- (run)
5. When I arrived, everybody was sitting round the table with their mouths full. They --- (eat).
6. When I arrived, everybody was sitting round the table and talking. Their mouths were empty but their stomachs were full. They --- (eat).
7. Jim was on his hands and knees on the floor. He --- (look) for his contact lens.
8. When I arrived, Kate --- (wait) for me. She was rather annoyed with me because I was late and she --- (wait) for a very long time.
9. I was sad when I sold my car. I --- (have) it for a very long time.
10. We were extremely tired at the end of the journey. We --- (travel) for more than 24 hours.
@p34
UNIT 17. Have and have got
A. Have and have got (= possess, own etc.)
We often use have got rather than have alone. So you can say:
* We've got a new car. or We have a new car.
* Ann has got two sisters. or Ann has two sisters.
We use have got or have for illnesses, pains etc.:
* I've got a headache. or I have a headache.
In questions and negative sentences there are three possible forms:
Have you got any money? I haven't got any money.
Do you have any money? I don't have any money.
Have you any money? (less usual) I haven't any money. (less usual)
Has she got a car? She hasn't got a car.
Does she have a car? She doesn't have a car.
Has she a car? (less usual) She hasn't a car. (less usual)
When have means 'possess' etc., you cannot use continuous forms (is having/are having etc.):
* I have/I've got a headache. (not 'I'm having')
For the past we use had (usually without 'got'):
* Ann had long fair hair when she was a child. (not 'Ann had got')
In past questions and negative sentences we normally use did/didn't:
* Did they have a car when they were living in London?
* I didn't have a watch, so I didn't know the time.
* Ann had long fair hair, didn't she?
B. Have breakfast/have a bath/have a good time etc.
Have (but not 'have got') is also used for many actions and experiences. For example:
have breakfast/dinner/a cup of coffee/a cigarette etc.
have a bath/a shower/a swim/a rest/a party/a holiday/a nice time etc.
have an accident/an experience/a dream etc.
have a look (at something)/a chat (with somebody)
have a baby (= give birth to a baby)
have difficulty/trouble/fun
* Goodbye! I hope you have a nice time.
* Mary had a baby recently.
'Have got' is not possible in these expressions. Compare:
* I usually have a sandwich for my lunch. (have = 'eat' - not 'have got')
but * I've got some sandwiches. Would you like one?
In these expressions, have is like other verbs. You can use continuous forms (is having are having etc.) where suitable:
* I had a postcard from Fred this morning. He's on holiday. He says he's having a
wonderful time. (not 'he has a wonderful time')
* The phone rang while we were having dinner. (not 'while we had')
In questions and negative sentences we normally use do/does/did:
* I don't usually have a big breakfast. (not 'I usually haven't')
* What time does Ann have lunch? (not 'has Ann lunch')
* Did you have any difficulty finding somewhere to live?
@p35
EXERCISES
17.1 Write negative sentences with have. Some are present (can't) and some are past (couldn't).
1. I can't make a phone call. (any change)
I haven't got any change.
2. I couldn't read the notice. (my glasses)
I didn't have my glasses.
3. I can't climb up onto the roof. (a ladder)
I ---
4. We couldn't visit the museum. (enough time)
We ---
5. He couldn't find his way to our house. (a map)
6. She can't pay her bills. (any money)
7. They can't get into the house. (a key)
8. I couldn't take any photographs. (a camera)
17.2 Complete these questions with have. Some are present and some are past.
1. Excuse me, have you got a pen I could borrow?
2. Why are you holding your face like that? --- a toothache?
3. --- a bicycle when you were a child?
4. '--- the time, please?' 'Yes, it's ten past seven.'
5. When you did the exam, --- time to answer all the questions?
6. I need a stamp for this letter. --- one?
7. 'It started to rain while I was walking home.' 'Did it? --- an umbrella?'
17.3 In this exercise you have to write sentences about yourself. Choose four of the following things (or you can choose something else):
a car a bicycle a moped a guitar a computer a camera a driving licence a job a dog/a cat (or another animal)
Have you got these things now? Did you have them ten years ago? Write two sentences each time using I've got/I haven't got and I had/I didn't have.
now ten years ago (or five if you're too young)
1. I've got a car. I didn't have a car.
2. --- ---
3. --- ---
4. --- ---
17.4 Complete these sentences. Use an expression from the list and put the verb into the correct form where necessary.
have lunch have a swim have a nice time have a chat have a cigarette have a rest have a good flight have a baby have a shower have a party have a look
1. I don't eat much during the day. I never _have lunch._
2. David likes to keep fit, so he --- every day.
3. We --- last Saturday. It was great - we invited lots of people.
4. Excuse me, can I --- at your newspaper, please?
5. 'Where's Jim?' 'He --- in his room. He's very tired.'
6. I met Ann in the supermarket yesterday. We stopped and ---.
7. I haven't seen you since you came back from holiday ---?
8. Suzanne --- a few weeks ago. It's her second child.
9. I don't usually smoke but I was feeling very nervous, so I ---.
10. The phone rang but I couldn't answer it because I ---.
11. You meet Tom at the airport. He has just arrived. You say:
Hello, Tom. ---?
@p36
UNIT 18. Used to (do)
A. Study this example situation:
Dennis stopped smoking two years ago. He doesn't smoke any more.
But he used to smoke.
He used to smoke 40 cigarettes a day.
'He used to smoke' = he smoked regularly for some time in the past, but he doesn't smoke now. He was a smoker, but now he isn't
B. 'Something used to happen' = something happened regularly in the past but no longer happens:
* I used to play tennis a lot but I don't play very often now.
* Diane used to travel a lot. These days she doesn't go away so often.
* 'Do you go to the cinema very often?' 'Not now, but I used to.' (= I used to go...)
We also use used to... for something that was true but is not true any more:
* This building is now a furniture shop. It used to be a cinema.
* I used to think he was unfriendly but now I realise he's a very nice person.
* I've started drinking coffee recently. I never used to like it before.
* Janet used to have very long hair when she was a child.
C. 'I used to do something' is past. There is no present form. You cannot say 'I use to do'. To talk about the present, use the present simple (I do).
Compare:
past: he used to smoke we used to live there used to be
present: he smokes we live there is
* We used to live in a small village but now we live in London.
* There used to be four cinemas in the town. Now there is only one.
D. The normal question form is did (you) use to...?:
* Did you use to eat a lot of sweets when you were a child?
The negative form is didn't use to... (used not to... is also possible)
* I didn't use to like him. (or I used not to like him.)
E. Compare I used to do and I was doing (see Unit 6):
* I used to watch TV a lot. (= I watched TV regularly in the past, but I no longer do this)
* I was watching TV when the phone rang. (= I was in the middle of watching TV)
F. Do not confuse I used to do and I am used to doing (see Unit 60). The structures and meanings are different:
* I used to live alone. (= I lived alone in the past but I no longer live alone)
* I am used to living alone. (= I live alone and I don't find it strange or new because I've been living alone for some time)
@p37
EXERCISES
18.1 Complete these sentences with use(d) to... + a suitable verb.
1. Dennis gave up smoking two years ago. He used to smoke 40 cigarettes a day.
2. Liz --- a motorbike, but last year she sold it and bought a car.
3. We came to live in Manchester a few years ago. We --- in Nottingham.
4. I rarely cat ice cream now but I --- it when I was a child.
5. Jim --- my best friend but we aren't friends any longer.
6. It only takes me about 40 minutes to get to work since the new road was opened. It --- more than an hour.
7. There --- a hotel opposite the station but it closed a long time ago
8. When you lived in London, --- to the theatre very often?
18.2 Brian changed his lifestyle. He stopped doing some things and started doing other things:
He stopped studying hard/going to bed early/running three miles e3very morning
He started smoking/going out in the evening/spending a lot of money
Write sentences about Brian with used to and didn't use to.
1. He used to smoke.
2. He didn't use to smoke.
3. ---
4. ---
5. ---
6. ---
18.3 Compare what Carol said five years ago and what she says today:
FIVE YEARS A GO
I travel a lot,
I play the piano.
I'm very lazy.
I don't like cheese.
I've got a dog.
I'm a hotel receptionist.
I've got lots of friends.
I never read newspapers.
I don't drink tea.
I go to a lot of parties.
TODAY
I eat lots of cheese now.
I work very hard these days.
I don't know in people these days.
I work in a bookshop now.
I don't go away much these days.
My dog died two years ago.
I read a newspaper every day now.
I haven't been to a party for ages.
I haven't played piano for years.
Tea's great! I like it now.
Now write sentences about bow Carol has changed. Use used to/didn't use to/never used to in the first part of your sentence.
1 She used to travel a lot but she doesn't go away much these days.
2. She used --- but ---
3. --- but ---
4. --- but ---
5. --- but ---
6. --- but ---
7. --- but ---
8. --- but ---
9. --- but ---
10. --- but ---
@p38
UNIT 19. Present tenses (I am doing/I do) for the future
A. Present continuous J am doing) with a future meaning
Study this example situation:
This is Tom's diary for next week.
He is playing tennis on Monday afternoon.
He is going to the dentist on Tuesday morning.
He is having dinner with Ann on Friday.
In all these examples, Tom has already decided and arranged to do these things.
Use the present continuous to say what you have already arranged to do. Do not use the present simple J do):
* A: What are you doing on Saturday evening? (not 'what do you do')
B: I'm going to the theatre. (not 'I go')
* A: What time is Cathy arriving tomorrow?
B: At 10.30. I'm meeting her at the station.
* I'm not working tomorrow, so we can go out somewhere.
* Ian isn't playing football on Saturday. He's hurt his leg.
'(I'm) going to (do)' is also possible in these sentences:
* What are you going to do on Saturday evening?
But the present continuous is more natural for arrangements. See also Unit 20B.
Do not use will to talk about what you have arranged to do:
* What are you doing this evening? (not 'what will you do')
* Alex is getting married next month. (not 'will get')
B. Present simple (I do) with a future meaning
We use the present simple when we talk about timetables, programmes etc. (for example, for public transport, cinemas etc.):
* The train leaves Plymouth at 11.30 and arrives in London at 14.45.
* What time does the film begin?
* It's Wednesday tomorrow.
You can use the present simple for people if their plans are fixed like a timetable:
* I start my new job on Monday.
* What time do you finish work tomorrow?
But the continuous is more usual for personal arrangements:
* What time are you meeting Ann tomorrow? (not 'do you meet')
Compare:
* What time are you leaving tomorrow?
but * What time does the train leave tomorrow?
* I'm going to the cinema this evening.
but * The film starts at 8.15 (this evening).
@p39
EXERCISES
19.1 A friend of yours is planning to go on holiday soon. You ask her about her plans. Use the words in brackets to make your questions.
1. (where/go?) Where are you going? Scotland.
2. (how long/stay?) Ten days.
3. (when/go?) Next Friday.
4. (go/alone?) No, with a friend of mine.
5. (travel/by car?) No, by train.
6. (where/stay?) In a hotel.
19.2 Tom wants you to visit him but you are very busy. Look at your diary for the next few days and explain to him why you can't come.
TOM: Can you come on Monday evening?
You: Sorry but I'm playing volleyball. (1)
TOM: What about Tuesday evening then?
You: No, not Tuesday I --- (2)
TOM: And Wednesday evening?
YOU: --- (3)
TOM: Well, are you free on Thursday?
YOU: I'm afraid not. --- (4)
19.3 Have you arranged to do anything at these times? Write (true) sentences about yourself.
1. (this evening) I'm going out this evening. or I'm not doing anything this evening. or I don't know what I'm doing this evening.
2. (tomorrow morning) I ---
3. (tomorrow evening)
4. (next Sunday)
5. (choose another day or time)
19.4 Put the verb into the more suitable form, present continuous or present simple.
1. I'm going (go) to the theatre this evening.
2. Does the film begin (the film/begin) at 3.30 or 4.30?
3. We --- (have) a party next Saturday. Would you like to come?
4. The art exhibition --- (open) on 3 May and --- (finish) on 15 July.
5. I --- (not/go) out this evening. I --- (stay) at home.
6. '--- (you/do) anything tomorrow morning?' 'No, I'm free. Why?'
7. We --- (go) to a concert tonight. It --- (begin) at 7.30.
8. You are on the train to London and you ask another passenger:
Excuse me. What time --- (this train/get) to London?
9. You are talking to Ann:
Ann, I --- (go) to town. --- (you/come) with me?
10. Sue --- (come) to see us tomorrow. She --- (travel) by train and her train --- (arrive) at 10.15. I --- (meet) her at the station.
11. I --- (not/use) the car this evening, so you can have it.
12. You and a friend are watching television. You say:
I'm bored with this programme. When --- (it/finish)?
@p40
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