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Множественное число существительных.
Horse, knee, eye, tree, shoe, ox, child (horsen, kneen). Brethren
Apple, lamb, shepp, deer, winter, year, swine → deer, swine, sheep.
Три варианта суффикса множественного числа. 1) pen – pens, ball – balls; 2) book – bookes > books; 3) branch – branches, box – boxes.
Сherrys, peas → cherry, pea.
Сохранение пережиточных форм множественного числа: goose – geese, foot – feet, tooth – teeth, man – men, woman – women, mouse – mice, louse – lice.
Развитие форм притяжательного падежа. the pupil his book → the pupil’is book. Smith’s and Brown’s office → Smith and Brown’s office.
Изменения в системе местоимений.
1) thou, thee → ye. Ye и you. You
2) hit (оно) > it; its.
3) they, here > their; hem – им / them – им; ‘em – make’em, tell’em.
4) it’s me вместо it’s I.
5) возвратные местоимения: myself, thyself, herself, ourselves, yourself, yourselves; himself, themselves, itself.
Изменения в системе глагола. Система глаголов с чередованием.
I класс. ai – ou – ou – i: to drive – drove – drove – driven; to write – wrote – wrote – written; ai – i – i – i: to bite – bit – bit – bitten. To write: wrote/writ; written/wrote.
II класс. u: – ou – ou – ou: to choose – chose – chose – chosen; u: – ɔ – ɔ – ɔ: to shoot – shot – shot – shot; i: – ou – ou – ou: to freeze – froze – froze – frozen.
III класс. i – æ – æ – ʌ: to begin – began – began – begun, to sing – sang – sang – sung; i – ʌ – ʌ – ʌ: to win – won – won – won. To drink: drank/drunk, to sing: sang/sung. ai – au – au – au: to find – found – found – found; to wind – wound – wound – wound.
IV класс. εə/i: – εə/ei – ɔ:/ou: to bear – bare – bare – boren; to steal – stale – stale – stole; i:/εə – ou/ɔ: – ou:/ɔ: to steal – stole – stole – stolen; to bear – bore – bore – boren.
V класс. i/i: - ei/e – i/i: to give – gave – gave – given; i – æ – æ – æ: to sit – sat – sat – sat. To get – got.
VI класс. ei – u – u – ei: to take – took – took – taken. Awake – awoke – awoke; to stand – stood – stood.
VII класс. To hold – held – held.
Перестройка ряда глаголов с чередованием по типу глаголов с суффиксацией.
II класс др.-а. lūcan – lēac – lucon – locen; н.-а. to lock – locked – locked;
III класс др.-а. helpan – healp – hulpon – holpen; н.-а. to help – helped – helped;
VI класс др.-а. wascan – wōsc – wōscon – wascen; н.-а. to wash – washed – washed;
VII класс др.-а. wealcan – wēolc – wēolcon – wealcen; н.-а. to walk – walked – walked.
Изменения в системе глаголов с суффиксацией.
1) to keep – kept – kept; 2) Ср.-а. hiden – hidde – hidd; н.-а. to hide – hid – hidden; 3) set – set – set.
Словарный состав
Tobacco, tomato, potato; republic, democracy, strike, trade union; boiler. Steamboat, steamer, steam-carraige, steam-coach, steam-horse, steam-engine. Atom, molecule.
Разрыв этимологических гнезд: year – yearly, annual; man – manly, human.
Mill, paper-mill, bench, frame, railway; ball, bulb, square, to print, hands, rubbers, tweeds, paper, wire, carriages, cars, boat.
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