Machine-tools are used to shape metals and other materials. The material to be shaped is called the workpiece. Most machine-tools are now electrically driven. Machine-tools with electrical drive are faster and more accurate than hand tools: they were an important element in the development of mass-production processes, as they allowed individual parts to be made in large numbers so as to be interchangeable.
All machine-tools have facilities for holding both the workpiece and the tool, and for accurately controlling the movement of the cutting tool relatively to the workpiece. Most machining operations generate large amounts of heat, and cooling fluids (usually a mixture of water and oils) must be used for cooling and lubrication.
Machine-tools usually work materials mechanically but other machining methods have been developed lately. They include chemical machining, spark erosion to machine very hard materials to any shape by means of a continuous high-voltage spark (discharge) between an electrode and a workpiece. Other machining methods include drilling using ultrasound, and cutting by means of a laser beam. Numerical control of machine-tools and flexible ma-nufacturing systems have made it possible for complete systems of machine-tools to be used flexibly for the manufacture of a range of products.
LATHE
Lathe is still the most important machine-tool. It produces parts of circular cross-section by turning the workpiece on its axis and cutting its surface with a sharp stationary tool. The tool may be moved sideways to produce a cylindrical part and moved towards the workpiece to control the depth of cut. Nowadays all lathes are power-driven by electric motors. That allows continuous rotation of the workpiece at a variety of speeds. The modern lathe is driven by means of a headstock supporting a hollow spindle on accurate bearings and carrying either a chuck or a faceplate, to which the workpiece is clamped. The movement of the tool, both along the lathe bed and at right angle to it, can be accurately controlled, so enabling a part to be machined to close tolerances. Modern lathes are often under numerical control.
Essential Vocabulary:
machine-tools - станки
electrically driven -з електроприводом
fluid - рідина
spark erosion - електроіскрова обробка
by means of – за допомогою
beam – промінь
drilling -свердління
circular cross-section - круглий поперечний перетин
stationary - нерухомий
sideways - в сторону
spindle - шпиндель
variety - різноманіття
headstock - передня бабка
chuck - зажим, патрон
faceplate- планшайба
lathe bed -станина станка
numerical control -числове управління
5. Answer the questions:
1. What are machine-tools used for?
2. How are most machine-tools driven nowadays?
3. What facilities have all machine-tools?
4. How are the cutting tool and the workpiece cooled during machining?
5. What other machining methods have been developed lately?
6. What systems are used now for the manufacture of a range of products without the use of manual labour?
7. What parts can be made with lathes?
8. How can the cutting tool be moved on a lathe?
9. How is the workpiece clamped in a lathe?
10. Can we change the speeds of workpiece rotation in a lathe?
11. What is numerical control of machine tools used for?
6. Find English equivalents in the text:
1. оброблюваний матеріал
2. електропривод
3. більш точний
4. окремі деталі
5. процес масового виробництва
6. пристосування для тримання різця і деталі
7. операції по механічній обробці деталі
8. високовольтний розряд
9. свердління ультразвуком
10. різання за допомогою лазерного променя
11. гнучкі виробничі системи
12. деталі круглого перетину
13. повертати деталь довкола її осі
14. рухати убік, рухати у напрямку до деталі
15. глибина різання
16. безперервне обертання деталі
17. рух різця уздовж станини
7. Translate into English:
1. Токарний верстат дозволяє виробляти деталі круглого перетину.
2. Деталь затискається в патроні або на планшайбі токарного верстата.
3. Різець може рухатися як уздовж станини, так і під прямим кутом до неї.
4. Сучасні токарні верстати часто мають циф-ровоє управління.
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